German text level A1 - Mein Wochenende.
Mein Wochenende. Am Samstag waren wir im Wald. Wir sind mit dem Fahrrad gefahren und dann sind wir ins Schwimmbad gegangen. Im Schwimmbad haben wir viel gebaden. Nach dem Schwimmbad haben wir den Orangensaft getrunken. Am Abend hat meine Frau einen Kuchen gebacken. Wir haben den Kuchen gegessen. Mein Sohn liebt den Kuchen. Nach dem Abendessen haben wir mit dem Ball gespielt.
Das ist mein Wochenende!
My weekend. On Saturday we were in the woods. We rode bicycles and then we went to the pool. We swam a lot in the pool. After the pool we drank orange juice. In the evening my wife baked a cake. We ate it. My son is very fond of pie. After supper we played with a ball. This is my weekend!
German language test level A1 Lesson 1 - 5
Choose a test and find out your result:
The tests consist of 10 questions for each topic. After passing the test, you will immediately know your result. Correct answers will be marked with green check markand incorrect answers will be marked with red cross... This will help you consolidate the material and practice. Good luck to you.
Ein junger Hase - (One) young hare
The text will be written in German with a parallel CONDITIONAL translation into Russian.
Ein kleines Tier wohnt in einem märchenhaften Wald.
Das Tier ist ein junger Hase.
Der liebt oft in einer kleinen und schönen Stadt spazierengehen.
Dieser Hase heißt Doni und er ist sehr nett.
Seine Frau ist auch sehr schön und jung.
Aber in diesem Märchen sprechen wir über den Hase Doni.
Doni hat ein altes, schönes und gemütliches Häuschen. Auch fährt er gern mit seinem Fahrradum den Wald herum. Am Wochenende möchte er in diese Stadt fahren, um ein schönes und kleines Fahrrad für sich zu kaufen.
Er hat schon ein altes Fahrrad, trotzdem will er ein neues.
Normaleweise fährt er durch den Wald oder den Park.
Dieser Park liegt entlang den Wald.
Neben dem Parkgibt es einen großen Markt.
Auf diesem Markt kauft er viele Möhren für seine kleine Familie.
Wahrscheinlich geht er auch am Samstag auf diesen Markt zu Fuß oder mit seinem alten Fahrrad.
Aber muss er zuerst in d ...
Oh, this German language - it contains such a thing as articles. Articles in German are of the following types: definite, indefinite, negative, zero. The definite articles are die, das, der - each of which is responsible for a certain genus. The indefinite article is ein. Negative - kein.
What is the difference between the definite article in German and the indefinite?
The indefinite article is placed in front of nouns that have not yet been spoken about - and which are first mentioned. (Except for special cases, which you will read about below).
Das ist eine Katze. - It's a cat.
The definite article is used before the word that has already been discussed. Here again about the cat, but we met her in the last sentence, which means:
Die Katze ist schwarz. - This cat is black.
The indefinite article is also put if the speaker does not know at all whether there is at all in a given place at a given time an object that he needs: Wo ist hier ein Telefon? - Where is the phone here?
The definite article is used when you are asking for something specific, describing something specific, mentioning something specific.
Compare:
Gib mir ein Messer.
Gib mir das Messer.
What is the difference between these two examples? Both of them can be translated as: give me a knife. Only in the first version, the asking person does not care what kind of knife they will give him - any will suit him. But in the second case: the asking person has in mind a certain knife that he sees - and maybe even points at it with his finger.
Articles in German are also able to bend in cases and numbers. Here's the definite article:
What words are used in which of the listed genders within the framework of this article I will not tell. Stay tuned for the next article on the gender of German nouns.
And here indefinite article:
The negative article is the same indefinite, but with the letter k at the beginning. So I didn't want to draw a separate table ... BUT! There is a very important difference between the two. Therefore, catch the third tablet:
Did you notice the main difference? Correct - plural with negative article is used!
By the way, read about negation in German.
You need to know the declension tables of the articles by heart - this is the beginning of time, which will be very useful in the future. In principle - the endings of all the listed articles are similar - and there is nothing wrong with them. If you are really sad and too lazy to learn it, try to discard the genetics - the last line in each plate - you can catch up later, but at first you can do without it.
And one more hint: a woman in dative and genetics turns into a man!
There are several more rules: when it is necessary to put a definite, and in what cases - an indefinite article. Sometimes the article is completely absent ... We will now consider these cases.
The definite article in German
Definite article in German it is usually placed before:
- Famous buildings: das Brandenburger Tor -Brandenburg Gate , der Eiffelturm -The Eiffel Tower.
- unique concepts : die Sonne - the sun, die Erde - Earth
- names of some countries: der Irak, die USA
- geographical names : die Alpen - Alps, der Rhein - Rain
- names of organizations: das Finanzamt - finance department
- historical eras and events: die deutsche Wiedervereinigung - German reunification
- titles: der Papst - Pope, die queen - queen
- superlative adjectives: der beste Schüler - the best student
Indefinite article is put:
- after the verbs haben, brauchen and the turnover es gibt: Hast du eine Schwester? - Do you have a sister?
- when comparing: Sie spricht Deutsch wie eine Deutsche. - She speaks German like a German.
- in constructions: so ein, ein solcher, solch ein.
Zero article
The article is absent in the following cases:
- before material nouns: aus Gold - made of gold, aus Wolle - made of wool
- before the names of languages: Deutsch - German, Italienisch - Italian
- before the names of most countries, cities and continents: Deutschland, Köln, Afrika
- when contacting: Kinder !!! - Kids !!! Freunde !!! - Friends!!!
- in the names of religious holidays: Ostern - Easter, Weihnachten - Christmas.
- in stable combinations and proverbs: Übung macht den Meister - Practice makes perfect, zu Fuß - on foot
- often when listing: Neue Wohnhäuser, Schulen, Krankenhäuser wird gebaut... - New houses, schools, hospitals are being built.
- before uncountable nouns: Liebe - love, Luft - air
- before proper names (although in some regions they are very fond of endowing human names with definite articles): Guten Tag, Frau Müller! - Good afternoon, Frau Müller!
- before professions and nationalities in such phrases: Sie ist Friseurin. - She's a hairdresser. Er ist Franzose... - He is French.
And with article zero, i.e. without him.
In this article, we will look at the use of the zero article with a noun.
The zero article before nouns is used:
1. In the plural, if in the singular a noun was used with an indefinite article:
Da steht ein Haus. Da stehen Häuser.
Here is a house. They are standing at home.
2. If a noun is preceded by a pronoun, cardinal or proper noun in the Genitive case:
mein / dieses Heft
my / this notebook
vier Jungen
four boys
Walters vater
walter's father
3. If a noun is part of a compound nominal predicate expressing professional, social, party, etc. affiliation:
Ich bin Student.
I am a student.
Meine Mutter ist Rentnerin.
My mom is a pensioner.
But if a noun has a definition with it, then it is used with an indefinite article:
Er ist ein guter Student.
He's a good student.
If this definition is expressed by a superlative adjective or ordinal, then the definite article is placed before the noun:
Sie ist die beste / erste Schülerin.
She is the best / first schoolgirl.
4. If a noun is part of a compound nominal predicate in impersonal sentences calling different time periods:
Es war Herbst.
It was autumn.
Es ist Abend.
Evening.
Heute ist Dienstag.
Today is Tuesday.
5. In proper names without definition, among them:
- many geographic concepts, including names:
- continents: Afrika - Africa, Amerika - America, Asien - Asia, Australien - Australia, Europa - Europe and Antarktika - Antarctica:
Er war in Amerika.
He was in America.
- countries of the neuter: Polen - Poland, Russland - Russia, Ungarn - Hungary, etc.:
Sie kommt aus Ungarn.
She is from Hungary.
- a number of countries of the masculine gender that can be used with a definite or zero article: (der) Iran - Iran, (der) Iran - Iraq, (der) Jemen - Yemen, (der) Libanon - Lebanon, (der) Senegal - Senegal, (der) Tschad - Chad.
Das passierte in / im Senegal.
It happened in Senegal.
- many regions: Sibirien - Siberia, Thüringen - Thuringia, Transbaikalien - Transbaikalia and islands: Alaska - Alaska, Rügen - Rugen, Kamtschatka - Kamchatka, Kreta - Crete, Korsika - Corsica, Sachalin - Sakhalin:
Er verbrachte 10 Jahre in Sibirien.
He spent 10 years in Siberia.
- settlements: Berlin - Berlin, Kiew - Kiev, Moskau - Moscow, etc., except for die Vatikanstadt - Vatican, der Haag - The Hague:
Er flog nach Minsk.
He flew to Minsk.
- first and last names without definition:
- people:
Dieter ist 40 Jahre alt.
Dieter is 40 years old.
- deities:
Perun ist der slawische Gott des Krieges.
Perun is the Slavic god of war.
- animal names:
Kescha zwitschert.
Kesha chirps.
- a construction of words denoting family relations and a name:
Mutter Frauke / Onkel Dieter kommt bald.
Mom Frauke / Uncle Dieter will come soon.
- in words denoting family relations, first of all Mutter, Vater, Großmutter, Großvater and, accordingly, in their diminutive forms Mutti, Mama, Vati, Papa / Papi, Oma / Omi, Opa / Opi, if they are used in conversation with members of their own family instead of names:
Mutter / Mutti fährt heute nach Kiew.
Mom / Mom is going to Kiev today.
Hast du dich von Opa / Vati verabschiedet?
Did you say goodbye to your grandpa / daddy?
- front Familie - family, Frau - mistress, Fräulein - young lady, Herr - master, Genosse - comrade, Kollege - colleague, words denoting an academic degree, military rankif they are followed by a surname:
Das ist Herr Dieter / Familie Meier / Frau Brigitta / Kollege Erik / Genosse Schultz / Doktor Fritz / Oberstleutnant Schunke.
This is Mr. Dieter / Mayer family / Mrs. Brigitte / colleague Eric / Comrade Schultz / Dr. Fritz / Lieutenant Colonel Schunke.
6. After the preposition ohne - without and the conjunction als in the meaning "In quality, as":
Übersetzen Sie bitte den Text ohne Wörterbuch!
Please translate the text without a dictionary!
Dieser Mann arbeitet als Krankenpfleger.
This man works as a nurse.
7. Before a noun denoting a substance:
Trinken Sie Kaffee gern?
Do you like coffee?
Gold ist ein Edelmetall.
Gold is a precious metal.
But if a real noun has a definition with it, and also if a certain part of a substance is meant, the same nouns are used with the article:
Die Milch, die du gekauft hast, ist sauer.
The milk you bought is sour.
Das Beton für das Fundament ist noch nicht geliefert.
The concrete for the foundation has not yet been delivered.
8. Before nouns denoting qualities, properties, emotions, sensations:
Haben Sie Hunger?
You are hungry?
Der Junge fühlte wieder Mut.
The young man felt a surge of courage again.
9. If there is an indication of the measure, weight, degree, grade, quantity:
Kaufe ein Pfund Kaffee!
Buy a pound of coffee!
Hole bitte ein Stück Kreide!
Please bring me a piece of chalk!
Sie kauft 2 Kilo Gurken.
She buys 2 kilograms of cucumbers.
Er war 25 Grad Kälte.
It was minus 25 degrees.
Jede Stunde haben die Schüler 5 Minuten Pause.
Students have a 5 minute break every hour.
Diese Sorten Gemüse sind im Süden sehr verbreitet.
These types of vegetables are very common in the south.
10. In addresses, headings, stable phrases, sayings and proverbs:
Kinder, hört aufmerksam zu!
Children, listen carefully!
"Kräuter - Tropfen helfen die Arthrose"
Drops from medicinal herbs help with arthrosis. "
Schritt für Schritt nähern wir uns unserem Ziel.
Step by step we are approaching our goal.
Morgenstunde hat Gold im Munde.
Whoever gets up early, God gives to him.
Ende gut - alles gut!
Before we start talking about a noun in German, let's talk about an equally important part of speech - the article. The article is an official part of speech in German and carries information about the gender, case and number of a noun, and also indicates whether the subject was discussed earlier or it was mentioned for the first time.
So, in German there are two types of articles: definite (der, die, das) and indefinite (ein, eine, ein). If there is no article, we can talk about the zero article.
Example: Das ist ein Buch. Das Buch ist ziemlich gut. - This is a book. The book is pretty good.
Articles, as a rule, are not translated into Russian.
Indefinite article
The indefinite article is used when it comes to an unfamiliar, indefinite subject mentioned for the first time.
The indefinite article, like the definite, changes by case. There are four cases in German.
Nominativ (N) [nominatif] - answers the questions: wer? (who?) was? (what?)
Genitiv (G) [genitif] - wessen? (Whose? Whose? Whose?)
Dativ (D) [datif] - wem? (to whom?) wann? (when?) wo? (where?) wie? (as?)
Akkusativ (Akk) [akuzatif] - wen? was? (who? what?) wohin? (where?)
The declension rules for the indefinite article in the singular are given in the table. Plural of the indefinite article not.
As you can see, the declension of the masculine and neuter indefinite article differs only in one case - the accusative. The declension of an article with feminine nouns is easiest to remember: the nominative case coincides with the accusative, and the genitive with the dative.
Together with the form, you need to remember the rules for using the indefinite article. So, the indefinite article is used:
- Before nouns that are mentioned for the first time.
Ich habe eine Wohnung. Auf dem Tisch steht ein Teller. - I have an apartment. There is a plate on the table.
- Before nouns that are part of a complex nominal predicate (verb + noun). For instance:
- Before the noun in comparison.
Sie ist schön wie eine Rose. - She is beautiful as a rose.
- After the verbs "haben", "brauchen" and after the turnover "es gibt".
Wir haben ein Auto. Ich brauche eine Jacke. Hier gibt es eine Schule. - We have a car. I need a jacket. There is a school here.
- Before nouns that denote profession, nationality, rank, if there is a defining word in front of them - for example, an adjective:
Er ist ein fleißiger Student. - He is a diligent student.
Remember! If there is no defining word before a noun denoting a profession, nationality or rank, then the article is NOT used.
Definite article
The definite article indicates an object that is already familiar, known. The definite article is also inflected for cases.
Please note that in the case of the declension of the definite article, the masculine and neuter forms are the same only in the genitive and dative cases.
The indefinite article is also used according to some of the rules below. So, the indefinite article is used:
- Before the previously used noun.
Wie haben ein Hund. Der Hund ist groß. - We have a dog. The dog is big.
- Before a noun that is known or determined by a situation or context.
Die Lehrerin sagt, "Öffnet die Lehrbücher." - The teacher says: "Open your textbooks."
- Before a noun, after which there is some kind of clarifying information, as a rule, expressed by another noun with a preposition, a noun in the genitive case or an adverb.
Das ist das Buch meines Bruder. - This is my brother's book.
Das Buch auf dem Tisch ist ein Lehrbuch. - The book on the table is a textbook.
Der Mann links ist mein Vater. “The man on the left is my father.
- Superlative adjective or ordinal.
Das ist die größte Wohnung. - It's a big apartment.
Das ist das erste Haus. - This is the first house.
- Before nouns that denote unique objects or phenomena: die Sonne (sun), der Mond (moon), etc.
Die Erde ist rund. - The earth is round.
To test how well you’ve grasped the article rule, try the following exercises. Do not be afraid to peep at the tables - we are just learning!
Tasks for the lesson
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
- What article is used after the verbs "haben" and "brauchen"?
- How many articles are there in the German language?
- What article is used with nouns for unique objects or phenomena?
- What is the masculine form of the dative case?
- What questions does the genitive case answer?
Exercise 2. Complete the table with the correct article form.
Answer 1:
- Indefinite article.
- Two: definite and indefinite. (The answer is possible: three, if we take into account the zero article, that is, its absence.)
- Definite article.
- Whose? Whose? Whose?
Everything is much more complicated.
There is an article here der for masculine nouns, die - for women, das - for medium and die - for plural nouns. But the form of these articles changes depending on the context, and they sometimes take the form dem or den.
Don't be alarmed - with a fair amount of practice, you will begin to understand how to use the articles on an intuitive level (at least, I soothe myself that way).
Top tips for learning der, die and das: memorize nouns together with articles!
And now to the rules.
Although the use of der, die and das in front of every noun seems completely haphazard, there is still a certain logic:
- If the word ends in -or, -ling, -smus or -ig, the masculine article is always used with it dersuch as with the words der Tor (gate), der Feigling (cow), der Journalismus (journalism) and der Honig (honey), respectively.
- If the word ends in -ung, -keit, -schaft, -tät, -ik, -tion, -heit or -ei, the feminine article is always used with it die... For example, die Ahnung (idea), die Möglichkeit (opportunity), die Wissenschaft (science), die Qualität (quality), die Semantik (semantics), die Situation (situation), die Dunkelheit (darkness), and die Bäckerei (bakery).
- Very often (though not always) words ending in -e also used with the article dielike die Lampe (lamp).
- Article die always used with plural nouns (except for the dative case, we will come back to this later).
- If the word ends in -chen, -ma, -um, -ment, -lein or -tum, then the article is used with it dassuch as in the words das Würstchen (sausage), das Schema (scheme), das Christentum (Christianity), das Medikament (medicine), das Fräulein (lady) and das Eigentum (property).
- Article das it is also often used with technical, mechanical and scientific nouns.
At least now you have something to focus on. True, there are many more German words with different endings. Unfortunately, you can only find out their gender and, accordingly, which article to use with them, only by dictionary.
Things get more complicated when you are faced with any case other than the nominative.
Accusative case (Akkusativ)
Accusative, article der changes to den... Fortunately, the rest of the articles remain the same.
Let's see how it works. To make everything very clear with the family, let's talk about men and women. Take the sentence "A woman hit a man" (Let's make a reservation that we do not encourage violence of any kind, but sometimes it happens?)
"Man" is definitely masculine, der Mann, and "woman" is feminine, die Frau. Since a woman beats a man (oh, crazy world!), Then the accusative case takes place. Remember, the only article that changes in the accusative case is the masculine article. As a result, we get the following: Die Frau schlug den Mann.
Dative case (Dativ)
If the noun in the sentence is in the dative case, then the article changes again: der on dem, die on der, das on dem and die for plural of den.
Let's take a look at a few examples to help things fall into place.
"I waited in line for five hours."
The feminine noun "queue" in German is die Schlange. Because in the dative die becomes der, then the sentence will be as follows:
Ich habe fünf Stunden in der Schlange gewartet.
Another example: "A glass is on the table."
The dative case is the masculine noun der Tisch (table). Thus, the proposal is as follows:
Der Becher ist auf dem Tisch.
"Oranges under the sofa." (How did they end up there ?!)
In the dative case, the neuter article das Sofa changes to dem. And the whole proposal will be as follows:
Die orangen sind unter dem Sofa.
Genitive case (Genitiv)
Belonging to someone or something can be expressed using the preposition von: das Auto von Tom (Tom's car).
But in writing, it is better to use the genitive case, in which the articles change as follows: der to des, die to der, das to des and die plural of derfor example: das Kleid der Frau "woman's dress" by das Auto des Mannes "man's machine". (When everyone gets what they want, you can do without assault, right?)
Well, you can breathe out. It's not that bad. Remember that the article in many cases depends on the ending of the noun, memorize these endings and practice, practice and practice again.
And repeat like a mantra: “100 million German speakers have mastered this. And I can too. "
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