1. Complex interjections and onomatopoeic
words are written with a hyphen: by God, by God, by God, by God,
oh-ho-ho, ha-ha-ha; ding-ding-ding, tren-brand,
kitty-kitty, meow-meow, etc.
2. In expressions: These are the times !; God knows!
etc. (those are abbreviations from you, you) the hyphen is not
210. Rewrite, expanding the parentheses.
1. Ears, her (same) her, boiled for glory. (Cr.) 2. Whole
the capital shuddered, and the girl - hee (hee) hee da ha (ha)
ha1 (P.) 3. Food, food in an open field; bell dean
(din) din. (P.) 4. And they drink, these military gentlemen
yes - oh (th) th! (T.) 5. Now he lives like this - oh (oh)
oh! (M.G.) 6. "Ho (ho) ho!" - the director laughed deeply
gray. "Heh (same) heh!" - responded with a thin laugh
attorney. (Skeet,) 7. The clock on the watchtower beats the odd
verti: “There was a day, it was a job! Ding (don) *. (Hyde.)
8. You should be a writer, (her) her. (Bab,) 9. “Here (those)
time!" he exclaimed in surprise. (Bub.)
REPEAT SPELLING
Dictation
During the Great Patriotic War was instituted
day of the Order of Ushakov. This high government
the city was intended for naval officers, distinguishing
fighting the fascist invaders. Institutional
the creation of the Order of Ushakov testified to the recognition
merits of the admiral to the homeland,
Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov - contemporary of Alexander
ra Vasilievich Suvorov. In life and in the art of war
there are a lot of commander Suvorov and naval commander Ushakov
common. Like the troops of Suvorov, covering themselves unfading-
my glory in centuries, did not know retreats on land, and
ushakov's squadron did not know about defeats at sea, with what
no matter how it encounters an adversary. Like Suvorov on
on land, Ushakov at sea did not consider the enemy to be a success.
crowded, and the fact that the enemy is defeated is destroyed.
Ushakov's name is a symbol of the Russian ability to win
give in Suvorov style, a symbol of fearlessness, reasonable
zosti, courage, a symbol of irreconcilable hatred of the enemy
and selfless love for the homeland. With the name of the famous hell
miral is associated with the creation of the military Black Sea Fleet,
education of officers and sailors in the spirit of a genuine pat-
riotism.
Like no one else in his time, Ushakov understood the significance of
advanced naval tactics, and none other,
like him, he was its creator in Russia. His military doctrine was
lo is free from routine, regardless of any
lo dogma. Participating in three Turkish military campaigns
yach, he repeatedly smashed the superior
enemy fleet. And what kind of battles did not come
he had a good news! Now on the open sea, now at the impassable
for ships of the strait, then in bright daylight, then
in the dense twilight, when the ships, indistinguishable in the fog,
whether the enemy or not heard from afar loaded
marine Corps boats could suddenly sneak up for
unexpected blow.
Ushakov's squadron, which did not know defeat, conquered
the impregnable fortress of Corfu, cleansed the Ionian
the islands, Naples and Malta from the French hordes; rus-
skie sailors occupied Rome.
Covered with unfading glory, the name of the great fleet
vodts Ushakov still calls to faithful service
homeland of new generations of naval officers.
It's only the eleventh hour at the end, and already no
but you can't get away from the heavy heat that breathes
july day. The hot air barely vibrates-
xia over an unpaved sandy road. Not yet mown
but the half-withered grass wilts and creeps from
heat, almost unbearable for a living being. Dream-
years without life-giving moisture green groves and plowed fields. Something
inarticulate incessantly whispers in the half-sleep of uncomfortable
monny grasshopper. Neither man, nor animal, nor insect
mine - no one is struggling with languor anymore. Apparently
to my mind, everyone gave up, convinced that the power of languor,
possessed by them, invincible, irresistible. Only one
the dragonfly feels the same and as if nothing
used to dance tirelessly in the fragrant needles.
There is no breeze or dewdrops on unmown meadows. In the grove
under the canopy of foliage it is as stuffy as in the open
le. There is endless dry land all around, and there is not a cloud in the sky.
But I don't want to go swimming, and there is no need:
after bathing, you will steam out even more in the sun.
One hope for a thunderstorm: she alone can wake
heat-bound nature and dispel sleep.
And suddenly something really rumbles in the distance, unclear and
manna, and a ridge of dark clouds moves from the southeast
sides. During a very short time, during
reading any ten - fifteen minutes reigns
ominous silence, and suddenly the whole sky is covered with clouds.
But out of nowhere it bursts into the dead wilderness-
there is a sharp gust of wind that seems to be nothing
hold back. He swiftly drives a column of dust in front of him
whether, mercilessly tearing and tossing tree foliage, mercilessly
loyally crumples and inclines field grasses to the ground Brightly
flashing lightning cuts through the blue thick of clouds. Exactly
a thunderstorm will break out and light will pour on the bare fields
pressing rain. It would be nice to hide from this in time
a completely unexpected, but welcome guest. Run to de-
jealousy will not succeed, but it is just right to sit in the hollow of an old tree
only to the child.
A thunderstorm is approaching: lightning flashes in the distance,
there is a weak hum, gradually increasing,
huddling and turning into intermittent peals,
taking over the entire horizon.
But now the sun came out for the last time, illuminated
dark side of the sky and disappeared. All the surroundings
ness suddenly changed, took on a gloomy character, and
the thunderstorm has begun.
The commander of the partisan detachment with a distracted gaze
the house looked over all this shining beauty and did not feel
her. He saw his squad, exhausted and thinned
threefold, sadly stretched along the road, and realized that
there is no need to expect help from anywhere and from anyone. Himself
he, too, was powerless to do anything for people,
trailing on stiff legs behind him along the clay
porridge of the autumn road and chewing cakes from non-
sown flour. However, he could not help but feel that these
people are now close to him and dear to him as they have never been-
whether roads used to be. In the presence of these people, he is obliged
be cheerful and energetic.
He tried to pull himself together, focus on
something, but his thoughts got confused and confused, his eyes
stuck together, and he felt that this attempt to master co-
the fight might not have gone right for him. Strange images, scraps of that
manny memories, extremely vague sensations of
the gunner swirled in his mind, soundless and silent
a dense swarm.
He didn't know how long this unconscious lasted.
state, it seemed to him that it was a very long time, but when
yes he woke up, then, to his surprise, he felt
that still sits in the saddle with some kind of cat's chain
bone, and saw that the same lobes were swaying in front of him
shad ears. In the fields that stretched out in narrow
from the road to the hills, he could see stacks of straw and
figures of people moving slowly behind the plows. Yes-
moose, someone purrs and meows. The clouds are half over-
tmili and continued to eclipse the orange-yellow sun-
tse, creating an anxious and restless mood.
Suddenly it became dark as night. Countless blows
thunder followed one after another, lightning blinded the eyes.
No matter how much people strained their eyes, no matter how much they looked
they were in the distance, nothing could be discerned ahead.
I had to go at random. How hard it is for them to get this
road! And what kind of trials are not waiting for them ahead!
But people believed and knew: victory would be theirs.
Part 2
PUNCTUATION
The spelling rule defines the hyphenated spelling of interjections as follows: “Complex interjections and onomatopoeic words are hyphenated, for example: by golly, she-oh-oh, oh-ho-ho, oh-oh-oh, ha-ha-ha, sh-sh-sh, well-well, holy, holy, hip-hip-hurray, ding- ding, kitty-kitty ".
Particle Interjections –Ka are written with a hyphen: come on... Some compound onomatopoeic words are also written, for example: go on.
The hyphen is not written in interjection expressions like: These are the times! God knows! I will show those! (those are shorthand for you, for you).
Note... Interjection mmm it is recommended to write without a dash if it conveys a sense of anticipation of something pleasant: Campbell's soup: mm good!M-M, m-m-m used to denote a sound uttered by someone in a state of indecision, doubt, bewilderment, etc. with a hitch in speech. Often the hyphenated spelling of such interjections is of an auxiliary nature (cf .: u-u-u and tuu-tuu-tuu).
Derivative interjections formed from full-valued words retain the same spelling as the original word: God forbid! Mother! Hello! Farewell! You are welcome! The same applies to interjections derived from words of foreign language origin ( Hello! Wow! Bis! Bravo!)and from service parts of speech (for example, particles - see, see).
Negation not written separately with prepositions, conjunctions and particles, for example: not in the house; not the best ", not that ... not that not only. In a prepositional combination despite negation not is written together. Spelling neither 1. Particle nor (unstressed) is part of the negative ...(Russian language)
Spelling unstressed vowels at the root of a word
In accordance with the morphological principle of Russian spelling, unstressed vowels in the stern of the word are written as they are pronounced under stress. The spelling of unstressed vowels cannot be checked using imperfective verbs with suffixes - go, -live, as in these verbs ...(Russian language and culture of speech)
Hyphenated adverbs
1. Hyphenated adverbs with a prefix by-, formed from full adjectives and pronouns ending in -m, -m, -ki, -i, eg: working in a new way, acting in one's own way, being comradely, speaking German, barking like a fox, apparently in an empty way,...(Russian language)
Hyphenated Particles
1. Hyphenated affixes something, something, something, something (or something),particles -taki, -ka, -s, -de, -tka, -tco, eg: someone, something, someone, someone (for the spelling of these particles with adverbs, see § 57, item 3), all the same, sit down, come on, here it is, yes, no, he is. 2....(Russian language)
RULES FOR WRITING SPECIFIC WORDS AND WORDS IN OFFICE DOCUMENTS
1. At the first mention of the organization, the phrases used should be given their full name (with the abbreviation indicated in brackets). When using abbreviations, it is necessary to maintain uniformity within the same document, including in terms of the use of lowercase or uppercase letters (for example, ...(Fundamentals of office work in state and municipal administration)
THE LIMITS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE DANGER OF VIOLATION OF THESE LIMITS ON THE INTERNET
In the conditions of the developing information society, the virtual space is becoming the main means of obtaining information and communication. Thus, the Internet provides users with ample opportunities for the exercise of rights and freedoms, the exchange of various kinds of information. At the same time, the number of ...(Modern legal science and practice)
In Russian, without interjections, it would be extremely difficult to express a variety of feelings and emotions, since this part of speech gives the language a rich color. A special place is occupied by onomatopoeic interjections imitating the sounds of nature or objects. It is about them that will be discussed in this article.
What are interjections and onomatopoeic words?
Interjection - this is a special unchanging part of speech that serves to express various emotions and feelings, without naming them. For instance: Oh! Eh! Hey! Hey!etc.
Onomatopoeic words - these are words with the help of which the sounds made by different animals or objects are transmitted as accurately as possible.
Why do interjections and onomatopoeic words stand apart?
Interjections can not be attributed to either independent or official parts of speech. These words do not play any role in the structure of the sentence. Usually an exclamation mark is placed after an interjection.
For instance: Whoa! I have never seen such beauty in my life!
If an interjection is part of a sentence, it is, like an appeal, separated by one or two commas.
TOP-1 articlewho read along with this
After the interjection ABOUTusually, no comma is used.
If the word well has a gain value, after which a comma is also not put: Well, how not to please a dear little man!
If the interjection well is used to express continuation or uncertainty, it will be highlighted with a comma: Well, they decided to wade across the river.
How do interjections differ from onomatopoeic words?
Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words are devoid of any emotional meaning. They simply convey the sounds of nature: dog barking, sheep bleating, wind hum, cow mooing, flute music, snoring, whistling, etc.
For instance: woof-woof, me-me-me, oo-oo-oo, moo-moo, phew-phew, ding-ding-ding, etc.
Table Interjection by value
Depending on the origin, interjections are also divided into two categories - derivatives and non-derivatives... The first came from significant parts of speech. The latter consist of one or more repeating syllables, several consonants and are not associated with any meaningful words.
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia
Non-derivative interjections are written in the same way as they are pronounced. Complex interjections and onomatopoeia are hyphenated, for example: hoo, tryn-grass, ay-ay-ay, ku-ku, kitty-kitty-kittyetc.
Derived interjections are written in the same way as the words from which they were formed.
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Their categories, grammatical features, and also their other functions will be studied in more detail in this article.
Interjections
This part of speech, according to the school curriculum, is studied in the sixth or seventh grade. Although they stack with her much more often. Even in childhood, when a child does not know how to speak, they are his first sounds. Interjections in our language are usually called a special group of speech that helps express. Linguists classify them as a special category. In terms of morphology, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and official words. In terms of functionality, they do not carry any semantic load. That is, these words have no meanings, only indirect ones. Then they cannot be called independent.
As for the service ones, which help to connect words in a sentence and a text, they also did not transfer their functions to interjections. These words do not "serve" anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we do not have enough words to express them more formally. Let's say: "Ah!" And everyone will understand that something surprised us. Let us hear: "Shh!", And immediately shut up, since this word means the termination of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and convey much deeper what cannot always be said in words.
Compare: "Oh, it hurts!" and "It hurts." Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first conveys a momentary feeling of a person, while the second can mean a prolonged feeling of pain. It will be enough just to gasp, and those who are near will understand us.
Origin
The terms "onomatopoeic words" and "interjections" appeared a very long time ago, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The linguist Smotrytsky introduced them into use in 1619. Then he called them "intermetia", that is, what was said between words. In fact, they are.
Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously, from our shouts. For example, such as "A", "O", "Fu", "Ah", do not have a special origin story. This is our involuntary reaction to any stimulus.
The well-known word "Bayu-bai" takes its roots from the Old Russian word to speak (bayat). Thus, putting the baby to bed, the parents, as it were, sentence him to fall asleep.
The familiar word "hello", which we pronounce when answering a call, came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which is translated as "Hello". By picking up the phone, we let you know that we hear the interlocutor, while greeting him.
Every year modern slang creates new onomatopoeic words and interjections. The forms "Oops", "Cool", "Blah blah" appeared. All of them are related to our habitual "Ah", "Wow", "Yes, yes".
That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and others come to replace, more relevant today.
Word formation
Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of education. The following are distinguished:
- With the help of affixes. A more affectionate "Ainki" is formed from the word "A".
- Transition from one ch.r. to another: “Fathers! "(From them.)," Stunned! " (from the verb), "Cool!" (from adverb).
- Fusion: "Here's to you", "And don't tell."
- Addition: "Kis-kis".
The variety of word formation methods proves that this part of speech is not as simple as it seems at first glance.
Structure
Several types of interjections are classified depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. There is only one word and one root in their structure. Examples: "Oh", "Alas", "Eh".
The next type is called complex. They got this name due to the fact that they are composed of several roots. For example: "ah-ah-ah", "yes-yes-yes", "father-lights", "hoo-hoo".
The last group in terms of structure is compound interjections. They are formed from several simple words: "Alas and ah", "here's your time." As a rule, this group comes from nouns to which interjections are added.
Views
It is customary to subdivide them into several types.
- Incentive. They, replacing full-valued words, signal that it is time to act: "Come on faster!", "Hey, tell me how to get here!", "Shh, speak quietly - the child is sleeping."
- Emotional. Such words involuntarily break out from a person when he is surprised or frightened: "Oh, how cute!" "Oh, what a strong thunderstorm!"
- Etiquette. Not everyone knows that the words “Hello”, “Goodbye”, “Thank you” are familiar to us and belong to the class of interjections. They have no independent meaning, conveying only our polite intonation. For example: "Please let me go for a walk. Thank you so much for your help! Hello friends!"
Without the words of this group, a well-mannered person can hardly imagine his life. They help not only to decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.
Punctuation
How is this part of speech isolated in writing? Interjection sentences usually have commas.
For example: "Oh, how quickly the vacation flew by!" The emotional word is followed by a comma because it appears at the beginning of the sentence. Similar examples: "Wow, how many of you are here!", "Fu, how ugly it is of you."
The interjection "o" occupies a special place. Used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: "O air, how clean you are!", "Oh no, I have to refuse you in this matter."
In the sentence "Well, how do you decide to call ?!" the word "well" is not isolated, since it has the meaning of amplification. In the case when it denotes the duration of the action, then it must be highlighted with a comma: "Well, I don't know how long this will last."
The interjection “what”, which is used as the highest degree of something, does not stand out: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slob you are!”.
Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections
A special category is represented by words that imitate any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality in themselves. Their main function is to convey a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in writing by the word "Tick-tock". When we hear a beetle flying by, we will reproduce its flight as "Zhzhzh". And there are a lot of such examples.
In addition, this part of speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - bark, oink - grunt, hee-hee - giggle.
Their most important difference from interjections is their different role in language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, it should not be confused, since onomatopoeic words do not convey the feelings and emotions of a person. They just repeat the sound.
Discharges
Onomatopoeic words in Russian are divided into several subspecies:
- Voices of animals (including birds): crow (rooster), meow (kitten), ooh (owl), pee (mouse).
- Natural sounds: bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (water hiss).
- Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (the bell rings), treble (playing the guitar).
- Sounds made by people: hrum (there is a carrot), top-top (someone is walking), tsok (on heels).
These are the most common categories of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections constitute a special group in the Russian language, not referring to either independent or official.
Syntactic role
It is very curious that in rare cases such small words can be different members of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which have been repeatedly given by us above, are:
- Definitions. For example: "Oh yes holiday!" In this case, the interjection “Ay yes” answers the question “Which one?”, Replacing the word “Wonderful”.
- Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet "Ay!".
- Predictable: And the door suddenly - "Slap!"
- Subject: And then a loud "Hurray" was heard.
The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech
Without these seemingly simple words, our language would be very impoverished. After all, most of them are educated impulsively, regardless of our desire. Call for help, cry out in fear, be surprised at an act - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. at the first we examined earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something are not distinguished in any way in the letter. If necessary, only quotation marks are put in sentences where there is direct speech.
Speech using this category becomes much more emotional. It is difficult to contain the joy when something happened that we have been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened! " Or at a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: "Eh, nothing good came of it."
But how to convey the sounds that are emitted by animals? Only with the help special words... It is almost impossible to do this without them. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the hum of a cow or the grunt of a pig.
Exercises
In order to consolidate the passed material, the children perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises for them and for interjections are usually simple.
- For example, it is necessary to determine the category of a certain group: "Ah!", "Oh!", "Fathers!". By all indications, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
- Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.
"Slap-slap" - could be heard outside the window. "Chik-chirik" - this is how sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: "Tu-tu."
- Determine what sounds a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, an object falling to the floor, trembling from the cold can make.
- To distinguish, interjections or imitative words are used in sentences:
Hello my comrades.
- "Bang!" - was heard in the silence.
Come on, hurry up already!
- "Chip-chick!" So we tried to call the little birds.
Fathers-lights! What a "bang" thunder told us!
Exercise on sentences with onomatopoeic words, as well as interjections, can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.
Morphological parsing
Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. Moreover, it is absolutely identical.
- We determine the part of speech.
- We designate morphological features:
Structure
Discharge by passed value
Immutability
- Role in the proposal.
Let's give an example of analysis. “So much for you! We didn’t expect rain, but it did! ”
- So much for an interjection.
- Composite in structure (a few words).
- Emotional, conveys surprise.
- Immutable (can neither bend nor conjugate)
- It does not play any syntactic role in the sentence, since it does not replace an independent part of speech.
The next example: And then - "Whack-whack!" - the ball flew past us.
- Onomatopoeic word (conveys the flight of the ball).
- Complex, consists of two repetitive foundations.
- Discharge is the sound of inanimate nature.
- Immutability.
- In the sentence will be a circumstance (answers the question "how").
Another example: How inconsiderate you are!
- Interjection
- Simple, one word.
- Emotional, conveys outrage.
- Immutability.
- Circumstance (replaces "very" or "very").
Output
Spelling of onomatopoeic words and such interjections similar to them usually does not cause difficulties. They all convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. Remember that repetitive stems like wow wow will always be hyphenated.
The spontaneity in their education makes them an integral part of our life. Babies who cannot speak scream only certain sounds to their mothers. Parents are guided by them what their child wants. As adults, we continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to refuse to express our own emotions. And the sounds of nature? Each of us can portray them, but writing on paper is not always easy. That's what onomatopoeic words are for. They easily repeat what we hear, only in writing.
We simply cannot do without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech. Faced with them on a daily basis in oral speech, we have to use them in some and in writing.
Do not confuse them with official parts of speech, for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. It is worth remembering one immutable rule: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other groups of speech can do this. As they say, everyone has their own necessary role.
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