In a sentence. Particles in Russian are designed to give a variety of additional shades to words or even whole sentences. The second role of particles is word formation, with their help the forms of words are formed.
For example:
1. Only he needs you.
Particle onlyreinforces the meaning of the pronoun you in a sentence.
2. Let bewill be the way you want.
With a particle let be the imperative mood of the verb is formed: let be will be.
Although the particles in the Russian language are not members of the sentence, they are inextricably included in its composition. For example:
1. Not the wind noises outside the window and no rain.
Particles are needed:
Imperative ( yes, let it be, let it, come on): let be will try;
Conditional ( would, b): sat down would, told would ;
2) in the formation of adverbs and adjectives, the degrees of their comparison - less, more, most... For example: more important, lessinteresting, most brave, more powerfully, less brightly;
3) when creating a discharge: something, something, something, or... For example: something, some, anyone, someone and etc.
The role of such particles is close to that of morphemes.
Particle values
Particles in Russian give different shades to a sentence as a whole or to a single word.
Particles is it really, is it, is it (eh) - interrogative. They are often used in questions. For example: Really forgiven? Is it is there anything more interesting?
Exclamation particles what the how convey indignation, surprise, delight. For example: how the world is wide! What the lovely!
Amplifying particles ( after all, something, even, nevertheless) are used when you need to strengthen a single word. For example: Even do not think! All the same great! It the sameit's his own fault!
In Russian it is not and nor... They approach denial in different ways. Particle not makes both the word and the whole sentence negative:
1. Not happen this!The whole proposal is negative.
2. Not the wind broke a branch.The only negative word is wind.
In the case of two particles not in a sentence, instead of negative, they create a positive value: I not can not agree with you!
Neither - a particle designed to strengthen the meaning of negation, especially if the sentence already contains a negation or a particle not... For example: From the sky not fell nor drops. There is no forest nor mushroom, nor berries.
In Russian, these are those that are associated with the expression of shades of meaning, attitude or feeling. This group includes the aforementioned categories and some others. Non-modal particles, not associated with the expression of feelings, were classified by Vinogradov as semantic.
This category of particles includes:
A group of qualifiers such as exactly, exactly, just etc. For example: exactly this, smooth as many.
A group of excretory-restrictive particles - only, only, exclusively etc. For example: only this, exclusively white.
Index particles here, therethat seem to indicate a subject worthy of attention. For example: Here road!
All particles in the Russian language perform grammatical, lexical and word-formation functions. With skillful use, they can enrich our speech, make it more colorful and varied.
Instructions
If you need to learn how to find particles in the text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you will not be able to put a question to this word, as, for example, to independent parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).
Learn to distinguish a particle from other service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). The question cannot be posed to them as well as to particles. But unions do a different job in the proposal. If prepositions connect words in syntactic constructions, and conjunctions are either simple sentences as part of a complex, then we need particles, for example, in order to form the mood of a verb.
Use the imperative and conditional verb "befriend". You need to use shaping particles for this. So, the particles "would", "b" form the conditional mood "would be friends." But such particles as "let", "let", "yes", "come on", "let's" will help you to express some kind of request or order, ie use a verb in the form: "let them be friends."
Keep in mind that particles are also needed in order to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to make an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften a requirement, etc. For example, particles "not" and "neither" will help you inform about the absence of something, particles "only", "only" - to clarify something, etc. And in the sentence "Over there, beyond the mountains, the sun appeared," the particle "out" indicates action.
Learn to distinguish the particle "no" from the repeating conjunction "no-no". For example, in the sentence "I can neither cry nor laugh" the words "no, no" are a repeated conjunction, because they connect homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence "Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere" the word "no" is a particle, because adds an additional meaning (statement) to the given syntactic construction.
Learn to distinguish the particle "that", which is needed to relax a requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence "Did you have time for the exercise?" the "that" particle helps to add an extra hue. But in the adverb "somewhere" or in the pronoun "someone" "that" is a suffix with the help of which new words are formed from interrogative pronouns and adverbs. Remember that the "that" particle is hyphenated with nouns.
Be aware that particles are not members of a sentence, like all other service parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with the particles "not", "would", "b", they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.
Particle - this is a service part of speech that serves to express the shades of meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms.
In accordance with this, particles are usually divided into two categories - modal (semantic) and form-generating.
Particles do not change, are not members of the proposal.
In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize a negative particle not together with the word to which it refers; this is especially true for verbs.
TOformative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would (conditional mood indicator),let, let, yeah, come on (those) (indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, form-forming particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are emphasized with it even with a non-contact arrangement, for example: Iwould notlate, ifwould notwent rain.
Modal (semantic) particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker. According to the specific meaning they express, they are divided into the following groups:
1) negative: not, not, not at all, far from, not at all;
2) interrogative: is it really, is it, is it (eh);
3) indicative: here, there, this;
4) clarifying : exactly, just, straight, exactly, exactly;
5) restrictive and excretory: only, only, exclusively, almost, uniquely;
6) exclamation points: what for, well, how;
7) amplifying: not even, but, not, after all, after all, well;
8) with the meaning of doubt : hardly; hardly.
In some studies, other groups of particles are also distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, they say, supposedly, they say).
Particle nor acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate (In the room nor sound) and as amplifying in the presence of already expressed negation (In the room notaudible nor sound). On repeating particle nor acts as a repetitive compositional union (In the room you can not hear norrustles, nor other sounds).
Modal (semantic) particle something it must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix -to, which acts as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: some, somewhere (postfix) - I something I know where to go (particle).
The postfixes -sya (-s), -sha, -or, -no, and prefixes are not particles, and neither are included in negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of the continuous or separate spelling.
Morphological analysis of a particle
The particles are disassembled according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. The grammatical role (what it serves for).
II. Morphological features: rank by value
According to school grammar, according to this scheme, all particles, both semantic and formative, should be disassembled, however, it should be noted that the formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out during morphological analysis along with the verb when parsing the verb as part of speech.
Sample morphological analysis of a particle:
I am not saying that he was not hurt at all; I was only now fully convinced that he could continue about his Arabians as much as he liked, giving only the necessary explanations (F.M.Dostoevsky).
I. Not a particle
II. unchangeable, modal (semantic), negative.
I. only - particle
I. only - particle
II. unchangeable, modal (semantic), restrictive and excretory.
According to school grammar, in this sentence, the particle should also be parsed as follows:
I. would be a particle
II. unchangeable, formative, serves to form the conditional mood of the verb.
- word-forming particles. These include particles: something, or, then and so on;
- shaping particles. These include the following particles: let it go, let it go, go ahead and so on;
- modal or semantic particles.
- negative (not, neither);
- interrogative (perhaps, whether, etc.);
- affirmative (exactly, yes, and so on);
- amplifying (yet, simply, even so on);
- clarifying (here, there, etc.);
- exclamation points (that - that, well, and so on);
- comparative (like, like, like, etc.);
- expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).
In Russian, under such a concept as particles it means the service and together with this auxiliary hours of speech, contributing to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.
So the particle can be negative (it is not, nor is it)
The particle can still be formative (let it be, come on, would)
It is also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with a restriction (only, exclusively), with an increase (after all).
But more about modals:
Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional nuances to a sentence.
Can be written separately or with a hyphen.
Particles are divided into categories:
- form-building (subjunctive),
- modal,
- negative,
- characterizing a sign (action or state).
Particles are classified by value into primitive and non-primitive.
They are divided according to their composition into composite, simple, indivisible, and dismembered.
In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service one.
It is accepted to last all particles into three groups, or categories.
one). Shaping particles. They participate in the formation of forms:
a) the verb will command. incl. (let it, come on)
b) forms of the verb conditional. incl. (would and b),
c) forms of degrees of adjective and adverb (more, less).
2). The well-known particles NOT and NO form a group of negative adverbs.
3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.
Examples of sentences with modal particles:
Was it bad for you that you called your mom?
Look how many toys you scattered, is it really too lazy to remove?
What kind of gift?
Particle - one of the service parts of speech. It brings additional shades of meaning to the sentence, and can also form word forms.
Shaping particles: let, let it be, yes, let it - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let us put up, let there be peace.
Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.
Particles that introduce various semantic shades are subdivided into
affirmative (yes, yes, yes, yes),
negative (no, no),
interrogative (is it really, is it, is it, is it, is it),
comparative (like, like, like, like, like, like, like),
amplifying (even, still, after all, already, everything, nevertheless, simply, directly),
indicative (there, this, here),
clarifying (exactly, just, truly, exactly),
excretory-restrictive (only, only, even, only, exclusively),
exclamation (what, what, how, well, after all),
doubting (hardly, hardly).
Particle - this is, perhaps, the most morphologically insidious service part of speech, which is able to form new words, word forms or introduce new semantic shades into the context. The insidiousness of particles lies in the fact that in different sentences other parts of speech can turn into them.
Word-forming.
These are such particles as that something something either not not other. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. This is the difficulty.
Shaping.
Come on, come on, come on, let it, yes, let it go. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.
And all the other particles can be grouped and called meaning-making. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:
- interrogative: DO (do you need to tell?), DO (does he not understand?), REALLY (do I really have to tell you again?), A (ah, didn’t understand?);
- exclamation points: WHAT FOR (well, what nonsense!), WELL AND (well, you and a scoundrel!), HOW (how cool, ah!), LOOK HOW (see how she jumps!), STILL (well, he spoke differently!);
- affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (well, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning of YES);
- reinforcing: EVEN (look, he doesn't even think!), SAME (he is stupid as a cork), AND (and let it be), BECAUSE (he is impudent), NOR (in the meaning of strengthening denial or affirmation);
- negative: not, by no means, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
- indicative: HERE (here is our Yegorushka), VON (over there behind that pine tree), HERE (and the sun came out), THIS;
- clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;
- restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;
This list contains not all, but the most common particles.
A particle is, first of all, a part of speech, it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words different shades for example expressiveness, emotionality or concreteness, the concept of a particle is described below,
it should be noted that the particles are also different.
This is a service part of speech that gives the sentence additional meanings, shades of meanings, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.
Particles are negative, reinforcing, shaping
Particle is part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades (expressiveness, concreteness, emotionality)
Particles do not change... Particles are not members of the proposal (but can be part of other members of the proposal). When parsing a sentence, h astica stands out along with the word to which it refers or does not stand out at all.
Particles can consist of one word (such particles are called simple) - for example, After all;.
or from two (very rarely more than two) words (such particles are called composite) - for example, If only;.
At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, That would be a;), and some cannot (for example, Hardly;).
A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive, more emotional. First of all, particles are divided into discharges:
- 1st rank: negative particles (neither, nor);
- 2nd category: shaping particles (come on, come on, let, let it be (b), yes);
- 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come in different shades of meaning:
indication (out, and out, here, here);
question (is it, is it (s), is it, is it really that (for example: what, is it bad? );
exclamation (how, what for);
doubt (hardly, hardly);
restriction / selection (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);
clarification (exactly);
strengthening (after all, the same, and, even, already, after all, something);
and, finally, mitigation of the requirement (s).
Particles are a service (one might say - auxiliary) part of speech.
Having no lexical meaning, they give words of various kinds.
There are many particles in the Russian language, which are divided into:
They (modal particles) are subdivided in turn into:
Particle - this is a service part of speech that serves to express the shades of meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change, are not members of the proposal. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not along with the word to which it refers; especially for verbs.). Depending on the transmitted additional values, the following are distinguished: sense particles (behold is he, about two), modal particles(yes, we've met, well, go), and shaping particles, which convey different grammatical meanings: Let be goes. Yeswelcome to the rally participants!
Basic semantic particles
|
Name |
Particles |
Value |
Examples of |
|
|
Indicative |
there, here it is and etc. |
indicate objects, phenomena |
1. Here bream, offal, behold sterlet piece(I. Krylov). 2. Medical profession - this feat, it requires selflessness, purity of soul and purity of thoughts(A. Chekhov). |
|
|
Clarifying |
exactly, almost, exactly, justand etc. |
clarify a word or expression |
Mother nearly didn't pay attention to me(I. Turgenev). |
|
|
Excretory-restrictive |
just, just, just, just and etc. |
give a word or group of words a restrictive connotation |
Who am I? What am I? Only a dreamer who lost the blue of his eyes in the darkness ...(S. Yesenin) |
|
|
Amplifying |
even, after all, the same, and, neither and etc. |
emphasize certain words |
Even the clerk made some disapproving sound(L. Tolstoy). |
|
|
Interrogative |
really, really, really, really and etc. |
express a question in interrogative sentences |
Is it can I doubt it?(L. Tolstoy) |
|
|
Negative |
no, no, no, not at all, not at all, far fromand etc. |
express denial. Particle notused in case of a negative answer to the question and separated by a comma |
Independence, a sense of freedom and personal initiative in science not less needed than, for example, in art or trade(V. Chekhov). « So will you come to us? " - " NotI won't come "(L. Tolstoy). |
|
|
Affirmative |
yes, exactly, so and etc. |
express a statement |
"Married?" - " Yes, the third year went from Filippovki "(L. Tolstoy). Separated by commas. |
|
|
Comparative |
as if, as if, as if, exactly and etc. |
express comparison. Used with predicate |
1. Dubrovsky as if woke up from sleep(A. Pushkin). 2. Ripe rye as golden sea. |
|
|
Exclamation points |
what the, how, oh and etc. |
express emotions |
1. Darling, asgood! Well what theneck, what the eyes!(I. Krylov). 2. For you, Kazbek, aboutguardian of the east, I, a stranger, brought my bow(M. Lermontov). |
Shaping particles
|
Grammatical form |
Particles |
Examples of |
|
Imperative mood of the verb |
let it, let it go, let it go |
Let it go the crowd will trample my crown: the singer's crown, the crown of thorns!(M. Lermontov) |
|
Conditional mood of the verb |
would, b |
I bforever forgot taverns and poems would abandoned writing… (S. Yesenin) |
|
Obsolete past tense of the verb |
it was |
We've started it was talk about the new district leader, when suddenly Olga's voice rang out at the door: "Tea is ready."(I. Turgenev). |
Modal particles
|
The values |
Particles |
Examples of |
|
Expression of will (the same meaning for form-forming particles) |
Come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on |
Not, not you so ardently I love (P.) |
|
Attitude towards action: question, affirmation, denial, comparison |
Yes, no, whether, how |
You know whetherare you Ukrainian night? (G.) Do as you know. |
|
Exclamation-expressive |
What the, -s |
Well what the neck, what the eyes! (Cr.) |
TO formative particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would (conditional mood indicator), let, let, yeah, come on (those) (indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, form-building particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, they are emphasized along with it even with a non-contact location, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .
Semantic particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
In some studies, other groups of particles are distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, they say, supposedly, they say).
Particle nor acts as negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room nor sound) and as amplifying in the presence of already expressed negation ( In the room not audible nor sound). On repeating particle nor acts as a repeating compositional union ( Can't hear in the room norrustles, norother sounds).
Postfixes are not particles - xia (-sit), -then, - or, - and prefixes not and nor as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of the continuous or separate spelling.
A semantic particle - then must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - then, acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: what- then, where- then (postfix) - I- then I know where to go (particle).
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