Ancient implements for cultivating the land. General features of the development of agricultural implements

the most important element of the traditional culture of agricultural production. The earliest tillage implements in the Ukraine were represented by stone hoes. Among the tribes of the Timber culture that appeared in the South. Urals in the second floor. II millennium BC, more perfect bronzes became widespread. Tesla hoes. At the turn of the bronzes. and yellow in. us. The Urals used wooden hoes with bone and bronze. tips. Certain shifts in agriculture are taking place in connection with the transition to iron. hoes, in a large number found during excavations of memory. III-V centuries AD Rala with rail was also used. ralniks (the Azelinsky burial ground in the lower Kama region). Ralo did not have a blade, so it only tore the ground and pushed it in both directions. In connection with the penetration into the second floor. 1st millennium AD from the Volga region of plowed agriculture, plow-type implements began to be used - Bulgarian heavy plows and sabans, and then Russian. stakes (with narrow openers) single-tooth plows. Complex arable implements to the beginning. Russian colonization incl. also knotted harrows (with branches instead of teeth). Resettlement to the U. rus. cross. accompanied by noticeable changes in agricultural technology. Everywhere in the XVI century. two-lipped Russian is spreading. plow, named. bagels. It consisted of a wooden crack, two shafts, a straight horn, two zhel. coulters and blade. Rassokha (main part of the case) and shafts were hammered into a horn with turned handles, with the help of which the plowman controlled the plow. A lion. the shaft was straight, and so it was sharply bent outward - a curved forest was cut down for this. The bend was necessary for the convenience of harnessing the horse and eliminating the vibrations of the plow. Ch. slave. h. rogalyukh were two openers attached to each other. A lion. the edge is wider. the opener (left) was bent upward, forming the so-called "wing", which served instead of a knife. A wooden board, which served as a dump, was attached to the rear edge of the wing on the leg of the crust. The coulters were installed in one plane, so that the layer of earth was lifted by the tips of the coulters, cut off by the wing, thanks to the curvature of the lion. the opener turned slightly to the right and went to the dump, which turned the layer over and threw it aside. Rogalukha plowed to a depth of 3-4 inches; on heavy soils, it raised up to 1/3 dess. per day, on light soils - by dess. This plow is wide. was used in the U. and in subsequent centuries, but in the field of the cross. used dec. its options that meet specific natural and climatic conditions. In Vyatka province. in udm. vol., used the so-called. udm. plow, lighter than conventional plow. In the Pelym region, plows were encountered with both two and one openers; Instead of attachment dumps, a spherical recess was made in the rass over the openers, turning the seam to be cut to the other side, and the seam was turned over with a small convex club, installed to the rake from the other side, to the front plane of the hollowed out recess. During plowing, not only turning was achieved, but also crumbling of the layer. In the second floor. XIX century. in Perm. lips. improved one-sided plows and light sabans appeared. Among them, there are plowshares, kurashimks, turinkas, chegandinks - one-toothed plows with a fleece, which had a heel (leg, seat) - an embryonic runner, more stable than ordinary plows. A shir was put on the front end of the heel. a triangular ploughshare with a fixed metal blade tightly attached to the top. The improved plows plowed deeper and took a wider layer, better exterminated weeds and loosened the earth. Kurashimka, invented by the blacksmith N.N. Pajusov at the Kurashim plant, has become especially popular. In the first floor. XIX century. early to spread the plow-wheel. Carrying slaves. the organs of the wheel were connected by means of an arrow 2-2.5 arshins long from the middle. front axle on two wheels. This front end made the plow more stable than the plow. The wheel was plowed to a depth of 4-5 vershoks. The roe deer became an improved version of the plow - an instrument that had a plow body, but a larger share, a plow cut (knife, cutter) and a blade. In the second floor. XIX century. in Perm. lips. the so-called Kukar roe deer (aka kungurka) - her plowshare and dump were made of one piece of iron. In the 1880s, kungurka spread to the Vyatka province. Among the indigenous us. The heavy wooden plow, the saban, with one or two railways remained popular. plowshares. From 4 to 6 horses were harnessed to the saban. More often than not, the Tatars and Bashkirs raised steppe novae by the Saban. In some places a plow with one width was called a saban. opener. To Chelyab. and Shadrinsky u. from the second floor. XVIII century. early apply rus. plow. From the beginning. XX century z-dskie railway plows are actively replacing plows and sabans. From harrowing tools to sowing. forest districts and after the arrival of Russian. (up to the beginning of the XX century) the bitches continued to be used. Along with them, wooden harrows (usually quadrangular) with wooden and railroad ones were used. teeth. The teeth in them were installed vertically or in several. tilted to the ground. It was impossible with wooden teeth to break up the layers of earth raised by roe deer and plows, and this circumstance stimulated the spread of wooden harrows with rail. teeth and iron. harrows. Already in the XVIII century. harrows with railway teeth were common in Orenb. lips. K ser. next century, they completely displace wooden harrows from the fields of the Shadrinsky district; in other y. Perm. lips. the latter continued to prevail. Zhel. harrows began to find wider. application in the early XX century. Since in sowing. U. districts for a long time persisted undercutting, axes were also included in agricultural implements. To replace the axes-Celts in the III-V centuries. come yellow Zhel. the eye ax has become the mainstay everywhere. a tool for deforestation. With the arrival of Russian. early use more productive types of logging axes. Sickles and scythes were used for harvesting grain. From the Bronze Age in the South. In the Urals, copper sickles have been preserved, to-rye are later replaced by zhel. Rus. the settlers brought with them strongly curved rail. sickles with a higher coefficient than local useful action... The sickle had a knife and a handle; Russian sickles were serrated, to-rye much easier to work than smooth. Most often, sickles were made with a welded steel blade on a rail. blade. Even before the arrival of Russian. used in the U. for harvesting and grasses of the pink salmon. It consisted of an elongated, slightly curved zhel. a knife with a beak-shaped point and a handle, straight or made from a twisted branch of wood. At ur. pink salmon length in a straight line ranges from 50 to 60 cm. In the middle. XIX century. pink salmon met in Perm., Vyatskaya and Orenb. lips. - practically throughout Ukraine, and in Perm. and Vyatka lips. only pink salmon was used for mowing grass; in other areas, it was mowed in forest, hummocky and stony places, and in meadows and flat areas, an ordinary litter was used. If pink salmon bread was not harvested in the Ukraine, the Lithuanian bread was used here for this purpose. By decrees of Peter I in the practice of Russian s. kh-va was introduced the mowing of spring grain with scythes with special hooks on the shaft for the same time. with a mowing of raking bread into rows. K ser. XVIII century. to Orenb. lips. in this way buckwheat and peas were harvested. In 1808, the dressing of braids began. at the Artinsky steel plant. After P.P. Anosov improved the manufacture of steel, in terms of their hardening and sharpness, these braids exceeded foreign ones. In the first floor. XIX century. at the beginning. reaping machines are used. However, wide. they get used only at the beginning of the XX century. Naib. a flail was a widespread threshing tool: a smooth oak club, sometimes with a bump at the end, was tied to the handle by means of a putt made of a rawhide belt. Rollers also served as threshing tools. So, in Perm. lips. in the first floor. XIX century. the thresher was brought in. It was a block of 3 to 4 quarters thick, up to 1 1/2 arshins in length, seated all around with birch teeth, one inch apart; knitting needles for the shafts were driven into the ends of the block. A harnessed horse drove the hammer into rotation. To Kurgh. at. used a roller with one shaft, with wooden fists fixed on it. In the second floor. XIX century. threshers are becoming noticeable. IN late XIX in. was established in Perm. and Vyatka lips. manuf. thresher. "Votkinsk artel fur. Production." no. machines that enjoyed great fame in Russia. Lit .: Zelenin D.K. Russian plow, its history and types. Vyatka, 1908; Minenko N.A. Ecological knowledge and experience of the use of natural resources by Russian peasants in Siberia in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1991. Minenko N.A.

agricultural implements

the most important element of the traditional culture of agricultural production. The earliest tillage implements in the U. were represented by stone hoes. Among the tribes of the Timber culture that appeared in the South. Urals in the second floor. II millennium BC, more perfect bronzes became widespread. Tesla hoes. At the turn of the bronzes. and yellow in. us. Priuralia used wooden hoes with bone and bronze. tips. Certain shifts in agriculture are taking place in connection with the transition to iron. hoes, in a large number found during excavations of memory. III-V centuries AD Rala with rail was also used. ralniks (the Azelinsky burial ground in the lower Kama region). Ralo did not have a blade, so it only tore the ground and pushed it in both directions. In connection with the penetration into the second floor. 1st millennium AD from the Volga region of plowed agriculture, plow-type implements, Bulgar heavy plows and sabans, and then Russian began to be used. stakes (with narrow openers) single-tooth plows. A set of arable implements to the beginning. Russian colonization incl. also knotted harrows (with branches instead of teeth).

Resettlement to the U. rus. cross. accompanied by noticeable changes in agricultural technology. Everywhere in the XVI century. two-lipped Russian is spreading. plow, named. bagels. It consisted of a wooden crack, two shafts, a straight horn, two zhel. coulters and blade. Rassokha (main part of the case) and shafts were hammered into a horn with turned handles, with the help of which the plowman controlled the plow. A lion. the shaft was straight, and a curved wood was cut down for this purpose, sharply bent to the outside. The bend was necessary for the convenience of harnessing the horse and eliminating the vibrations of the plow. Ch. slave. h. rogalyukh were two openers attached to each other. A lion. the edge is wider. the opener (left) was bent upward, forming the so-called "wing", which served instead of a knife. A wooden board, which served as a dump, was attached to the rear edge of the wing on the leg of the crust. The openers were installed in one plane, so that the layer of earth was lifted by the tips of the openers, cut off by the wing, thanks to the curvature of the lion. the opener turned slightly to the right and went to the dump, which turned the layer over and threw it aside. Rogalukha plowed to a depth of 3-4 inches; on heavy soils per day it raised up to 1/3 dess., on light soils by dess. This plow is wide. was used in the U. and in subsequent centuries, but in the field of the cross. used dec. its variants that correspond to specific natural and climatic conditions. In Vyatka province. in udm. vol., used the so-called. udm. plow, lighter than conventional plow. In the Pelym region, plows with both two and one openers were encountered; Instead of attached dumps, a spherical depression was made over the openers over the openers, turning the seam to be cut to the other side, and the seam was turned over with a small convex club, installed to the crack from the other side, to the front plane of the slotted recess. During plowing, not only turning was achieved, but also crumbling of the layer. In the second floor. XIX century. in Perm. lips. improved one-sided plows and light sabans appeared. Among them, there are plowshares, kurashimks, turinkas, chegandins, one-toothed plows with a fleece, which had a heel (leg, seat), a rudimentary runner, more stable than ordinary plows. A shir was put on the front end of the heel. a triangular ploughshare with a fixed metal blade tightly attached to the top. The improved plows plowed deeper and took a wider layer, better exterminated weeds and loosened the soil. The kurashimka, invented by the blacksmith N.N. Pajusov at the Kurashim plant, became especially popular.

In Abyssinia, two forms of the Mar Egyptian monuments are still used by Ethiopians. Giovanni Vitali and Enrico Bariolozzi published recently. Figure: - Agricultural tools of Eastern Italy. Interesting work on agricultural tools in East Africa.

This tool, which has to be handled in the squatting position, is a kind of hoe fork. In Abyssinia there is a kind of fork equipped with a bush that fits the short branch of the common Daba and probably serves the same purpose. It is a hoe with a metal blade in the shape of a small spade, and the handle is also formed from two branches connected at an acute angle. The part of the handle, which carries the metal blade, is lengthened opposite it by long spurs, cut off by leather straps, forming a peculiar shape.

In the first floor. XIX century. early to spread the plow wheel. Carrying slaves. the organs of the wheel were connected by means of an arrow 2-2.5 arshins long from the middle. front axle on two wheels. This front end made the plow more stable than the plow. The wheel was plowed to a depth of 4-5 vershoks. An improved version of the plow was a roe deer tool, which had a plow body, but a larger share, a plow cut (knife, cutter) and a blade. In the second floor. XIX century. in Perm. lips. the so-called Kukar roe deer (aka Kungurka), her plow and dump were made of one piece of iron. In the 1880s, kungurka spread to the Vyatka province.

This tool is used to pull out weeds. It is a hoe whose spur serves to bury the grass. In Niger and French Sudan, the instrument has a shape very reminiscent of the Egyptian march. Governor Labourete, Secretary General of the International Institute for African Languages \u200b\u200band Civilizations, has kindly given us the notes he has collected on a Sudanese instrument.

It has been said that sometimes strips of cattle are used for this gathering, but the natives do not like this, because the skin stretches under the influence of moisture. that the blacksmiths of Senegal perfected this tool, removing plant ties and replacing them with iron parts and rivets.

Among the indigenous us. U. the heavy wooden plow Saban, with one or two railways, remained popular. plowshares. From 4 to 6 horses were harnessed to the Saban. More often than not, the Tatars and Bashkirs raised steppe novae by the Saban. In some places a plow with one width was called a saban. opener. To Chelyab. and Shadrinsky u. from the second floor. XVIII century. early apply rus. plow. From the beginning. XX century z-dskie railway plows are actively replacing plows and sabans.

Agricultural implements from the Lake Chad area. A shovel named Daba. 2 and 2 bis. Transplant tool for the cold season. The little Daba hoe with a two-limbed handle is still used today among all black peoples from Sudan to southern Africa; a large palette with two branches connected by leather ties or ropes, used only in areas confined to the Sahara. Made for very soft soils and sub-desert areas, it does not apply to bush and forest lands.

It is still this plant, sometimes wild, sometimes cultivated, that provides the bonds that are used for the true Dakotan ligatures. Leather ligatures are cut from tanned beef skins. Is this a later occupation in tropical Africa among blacks?

From harrowing tools to sowing. forest districts and after the arrival of Russian. (up to the beginning of the XX century) the bitches continued to be used.

Along with them, wooden harrows (usually quadrangular) with wooden and railroad ones were used. teeth. The teeth in them were installed vertically or in several. tilted to the ground. It was impossible with wooden teeth to break up the layers of earth raised by roe deer and plows, and this circumstance stimulated the spread of wooden harrows with rail. teeth and iron. harrows. Already in the 18th century. harrows with railway teeth were common in Orenb. lips. K ser. the next century, they completely displace wooden harrows from the fields of the Shadrinsky district; in other y. Perm. lips. the latter continued to prevail. Zhel. harrows began to find wider. application in the early XX century.

Local tradition tells us about wooden tools plowing - pylons and radions. The servants still had wooden decanters, and the radiators were only used to loosen the soil and weed it out. Orano's plow was plowed along the radius, but it was carried out "after plowing the cedar, simultaneously playing on one wheel across or obliquely." These instruments usually consisted of oxen attached to a yoke to which the tops of these instruments were attached. The fields were protected with wooden hands, which were "occupied" up and down, and then there were wooden mounds and wooden axes, which made it possible to plow deeper and more efficiently, which, in turn, led to increased yields.

Since in sowing. U. districts, the undercut was preserved for a long time, and axes were also included in agricultural implements. To replace the axes-Celts in the III-V centuries. come yellow Zhel. the eye ax has become the mainstay everywhere. a tool for deforestation. With the arrival of Russian. early use more productive types of logging axes.

Sickles and scythes were used for harvesting grain. From the Bronze Age in the South. In the Urals, copper sickles have been preserved, to-rye are later replaced by zhel. Rus. the settlers brought with them strongly curved rail. sickles with a higher efficiency than local ones. The sickle had a knife and a handle; Russian sickles were serrated, to-rye much easier to work than smooth. Most often, sickles were made with a welded steel blade on a rail. blade. Even before the arrival of Russian. used in the U. for harvesting and grasses of the pink salmon. It consisted of an elongated, slightly curved zhel. a knife with a beak-shaped point and a handle, straight or made from a twisted branch of wood. At ur. pink salmon length in a straight line ranges from 50 to 60 cm. In the middle. XIX century. pink salmon met in Perm., Vyatskaya and Orenb. lips. practically throughout U., and in Perm. and Vyatka lips. only pink salmon was used for mowing grass; in other areas, it was mowed in forest, hummocky and stony places, and in meadows and flat areas, an ordinary litter was used. If pink salmon bread was not harvested in the Ukraine, the Lithuanian bread was used here for this purpose. By decrees of Peter I in the practice of Russian s. kh-va was introduced the mowing of spring grain with scythes with special hooks on the shaft for the same time. with a mowing of raking bread into rows. K ser. XVIII century. to Orenb. lips. in this way buckwheat and peas were harvested. In 1808, the dressing of braids began. at the Artinsky steel plant. After P.P. Anosov improved the manufacture of steel, in terms of their hardening and sharpness, these braids exceeded foreign ones. In the first floor. XIX century. at the beginning. reaping machines are used. However, wide. they get used only at the beginning of the XX century.

At the same time, farmers began to expand their agricultural land at the expense of pasture, which, in turn, completely replaced the irons, originally produced by rural blacksmiths and then in factory production. They are a type of radial radii that are additionally equipped with two small wooden or iron slats, while the furrow rafters are adjustable and there are two fixed wooden wings for digging out potatoes. Both types of the aforementioned tools have iron radii.

The old harrows were first made entirely of wood and then wooden ones with iron teeth, until the First World War, iron harrows were completely iron-clad. More structurally complex tools are cultivators, i.e. "Genetically and constructively related to crops." They are used in the front row to clear the perch field or in the spring in the spring before plowing in the fall. They are made of a trapezoidal wood frame with a ball and hinge, and long irons are attached to the frame on the back of the back.

Naib. a flail was a widespread threshing tool: a smooth oak club, sometimes with a bump at the end, was tied to the handle by means of a putt made of a rawhide belt. Rollers also served as threshing tools. So, in Perm. lips. in the first floor. XIX century. the thresher was brought in. It was a block of 3 to 4 quarters thick, up to 1 1/2 arshins in length, seated all around with birch teeth, one inch apart; knitting needles for the shafts were driven into the ends of the block. A harnessed horse drove the hammer into rotation. To Kurgh. at. used a roller with one shaft, with wooden fists fixed on it. In the second floor. XIX century. threshers are becoming noticeable. At the end of the XIX century. was established in Perm. and Vyatka lips. manuf. thresher. "Votkinsk artel fur. Production." no. machines that enjoyed great fame in Russia.

In the case of hand tools that for a long time used in the machining of the earth, there are various types of iron hoes or diggers, wooden or iron rakes, and here it is worth emphasizing that during the First World War, wooden beads equipped with metal fittings are still used in some villages.

The grain device was once used with a sickle, which later replaced the scythe. The grass is now a sickle, scythe, or mower. Of the aforementioned traditional hand tools, saber grasses and herbs have survived to this day on small farms. In some villages in the north, Grain used to lubricate grain was used until 30 years of this century.