The origin of botanical gardens in the modern sense belongs to the era of feudalism. In the V century. at the numerous monasteries of medieval Europe, the so-called "pharmaceutical" gardens or "vegetable gardens" appeared. The first botanical gardens were small. The plant collections in them were represented by medicinal, poisonous, spicy plants placed in beds (vegetable gardens) used in medieval medicine, and some types of ornamental plants.
Pharmaceutical gardens, in the earliest period of their existence, were set up at monasteries, and later at hospitals, were the predecessors of the exposition of useful plants in modern botanical gardens. Pharmaceutical gardens were small, usually no more than a few hundred square meters.
At the beginning, one of the oldest in our country, the Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute named after V.I. V.L. Komarov, founded in 1714 by order of Peter I on one of the islands of the Neva. This apothecary garden, like all similar gardens of that time, had a very small area. So, M.I. Pyliaev, a famous historian of old Petersburg, reports that it was only 300 yards long and 200 yards wide.
Since the XIV century. monastic pharmaceutical gardens are gradually turning into medical gardens, in the activities of which fundamentally new features can already be noted. Unlike medieval monastery gardens, medical gardens are now not only of narrow practical importance. They laid the foundation for work on the primary introduction of plants, collected local and foreign plants, described them and brought them into a certain system (although it was still cumbersome before Linnaeus). The formation of botanical gardens as scientific institutions dates back to the Renaissance. This was largely facilitated by the widespread dissemination of scientific knowledge at that time and, in particular, natural science. The first scientific botanical gardens appear in Italy at the very beginning of the XIV century. (garden in Salerno -1309), where, in comparison with other European countries by that time, the most favorable socio-historical prerequisites for the formation of new socio-economic relations, for the creation and further flourishing of a new humanistic culture and, in particular, the brilliant flourishing of science and art. True, until the first half of the 18th century. expositions of plants in most medical botanical gardens remained few, little different from the medieval monastic gardens. They were located on the site of the garden in the form of separate groups of medicinal and some other plants, which were used mainly in medicine, being, according to the witty expression of A.N. Krasnova, as it were, a "living pharmacopoeia".
Since the 16th century, with the development of university life, the number of botanical gardens in Italy has increased significantly: one after another, gardens appear in Padua (1545), Pisa (1547), Bologna (1567), etc. Somewhat later, in the 17th century, botanical gardens were created in other European countries: at the Parisian (1635) and Uppsala (Sweden) universities (1655), in Berlin (1646), Edinburgh (England) - the Royal botanical garden (1670), etc.
The rapid accumulation of plant material in botanical gardens required its scientific generalization and systematization. Linnaeus, the founder of plant taxonomy, having presented his "System of Plants" in 1753, developed the first harmonious artificial system of plant classification. Linnaeus divided plants into 24 classes, based on each of them arbitrarily taken characters, and thus created a new method of systematizing the plant world. The Linnaean plant system gave rise to numerous studies, aroused great interest in the description of plants. Several years after the publication of Linnaeus's system, the number of studied and described plants reached 100 thousand. Since the time of Linnaeus's systematics and botanists, they have become almost identical concepts. The botanical garden of that time was like a living herbarium for taxonomy. Aesthetics here faded into the last place. Botanical gardens as a kind of botanical laboratories at universities, demonstrating various systems plants, became widespread in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Gradually, in the process of the historical development of botanical gardens, they acquired a new function - educational and pedagogical.
The history of botanical gardens in Russia is closely connected with the origin and development of Russian botanical science. Already by the beginning of the 17th century. in our country, there was a lot of information regarding the practical use of various plants both in the agricultural field and in medicine. The methods of using medicinal plants and the description of their medicinal properties were usually described in various "herbalists", which were especially widespread in the second half of the 17th century. During the first half of the XVIII century. In connection with the development of medical practice and an increase in the need for the production of medicines, the number of pharmaceutical gardens in Russia is rapidly increasing. Along with the first botanical garden in our country at Moscow University opened in 1706, other gardens were also organized: in Lubny in 1709, in St. Petersburg (now the garden of the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute) in 1714. Peter I, about the establishment of the St. Petersburg Pharmaceutical Garden, says that the latter is being created "for multiplying pharmaceutical herbs and collecting special herbs, like the most needed naturals in medicine, also for training doctors and pharmacists in botany." Among the plant collections of this pharmaceutical garden we find: chamomile, sage, mint, mustard, thyme, juniper, peonies, lavender, various bulbs, roses, etc. By the same time, in the first third of the 18th century, the foundation of the botanical garden of the Academy of Sciences on Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg belongs. Only very fragmentary information about this garden has been preserved, found in the materials of the archive. From the minutes of the Academy's office it is clear that the botanical garden was established in 1735. For the organization of the garden, on the recommendation of its founder, the Dutch botanist Amman, a small piece of land was leased on the 2nd line of Vasilievsky Island.
The widespread use of medicinal and other useful plants in medicine and in other areas of practical activity was the most important prerequisite for the emergence of a new function in the botanical garden - the search for useful plants. At the beginning of the XVIII century. the study and development of diverse natural resources in the vast territory of Russia was one of the main state tasks. In this regard, Russian botanists began large-scale studies of the plant wealth of Russia. The scientific center coordinating the work of numerous complex expeditions was the Academy of Sciences, organized in 1725. In the first geographical expedition of the Academy of Sciences to Kamchatka, the famous expedition of Bering, S.P. Krasheninnikov, author of the remarkable Description of the Land of Kamchatka (1755), the earliest representative of the major Russian naturalists. In the preface to the first edition of the "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" academician G.F. Miller, one of the scientific leaders of Bering's expedition to Kamchatka, wrote: "One should not hesitate a little about that, that the persons determined to rule state affairs need to have an accurate record of the lands." And further notes that it is necessary to know "what herbs, bushes, trees are found and which of them is suitable for medicine, or paint, or for what other economic use." From this it is clear what great importance was attached to the botanical study of our country already at that time from the point of view of satisfying economic and economic needs. The famous academic expeditions of 1768-1774 were of particular importance in the development of botanical knowledge and the organization of the first botanical gardens in Russia. on the study of Russian nature, in which P.S. Pallas, I.A. Falk, I.I. Lepekhin and other collectors of the most valuable collections of living plants and herbaria.
From the second half of the 18th century. in Russia, along with the state, numerous private botanical gardens began to be created. Collecting rare exotic plants became at that time a fashion that every more or less wealthy person paid tribute to. From this hobby for collecting plants, many botanical gardens of that time arose, in particular the famous gardens of P. Demidov in Moscow, A. Razumovsky in Gorenki near Moscow, etc. In some of them, large, even in our time, collections of introduced plants were collected ... Thus, in the botanical garden of A. Razumovsky in Gorenki, up to 12 thousand species and varieties of Russian flora were presented. The botanical garden of industrialist P. Demidov was established in 1756 and included in its collections up to 5 thousand species and varieties of plants. About this botanical garden academician P.S. Pallas, who visited it, wrote that it "now has no similar one in all of Russia, but it can be compared with many glorious botanical gardens in other states both by its rarity and by the multitude of plants it contains." Judging by the description and the old drawing that has come down to us depicting the plan of P. Demidov's botanical garden, the layout of this garden was rather unsophisticated. However, she did not differ in any way from other famous botanical gardens of that time. Rectangular terraced areas of the garden were arranged on the slope of Vorobyovy Gory, facing the Moscow River, and descended to the river with four ledges about 200 m long and of different widths. The greenhouses and garden beds were symmetrically located on either side of the path leading from the magnificent three-story house to the river. Of the 9 greenhouses, 8 were made of stone. Each of the greenhouses was about 80 m long. There were also greenhouses for grapes, palm trees, fruit and perennials, and greenhouses for growing pineapples. On the terraced areas of the garden near the greenhouses, in the beds, there were various plants "growing in the open air." Fruit trees were planted along each of the terraces in one or two rows. These terraced areas in the upper part were directly adjacent to the courtyard structures of the estate, separated from the last by an openwork cast-iron lattice. The Demidov Botanical Garden did not exist for long; already at the end of the 80s of the XVIII century. it fell into complete decline and by this time practically ceased its activities. Another equally famous botanical garden of the 18th century. - Gorensky, led by the most prominent botanist F.B. Fischer, was a part of a large park, stretching around the main building of a vast manor house, built by the architect Menelas, who built a lot for the Razumovskys. In front of the house, on one side, there was a moat area with ponds and groves for the menagerie, in front of its garden facade there were flower beds with numerous sculptures, in the middle of the lawn-covered area was a marble vase. The park, through which the Gorenka river flowed, which formed ponds, was laid out in the then fashionable landscape style and occupied a large area of \u200b\u200bup to 600 hectares. Partially preserved until the end of the last century, this vast park area had a large number of terraced ponds, bridges, gazebos, a grotto with a central hall and labyrinthine corridors. The park abounded with silvery poplars, Siberian cedars, veimut pines, American spruces. Gorenskiy garden was one of the largest botanical institutions of its time. In describing this garden, his contemporary notes that "the riches of nature, collected in greenhouses and greenhouses, delight: you involuntarily amazed how a private person could combine in a few years so many natural treasures from all over the world." After the death of A.K. Razumovsky in 1822, the Gorensky Botanical Garden fell into decay, and in 1826-1828. the richest collections of this famous botanical garden were scattered. The greenhouses were partially dismantled. A significant part of the Gorensk herbarium was purchased by the Academy of Sciences on the recommendation of the former director of this garden F.B. Fisher and is currently in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov RAS.
By the XVIII century. the foundation in Russia and other private botanical gardens - the garden in Solikamsk, founded by P. Demidov, and known to us from the description of academician I.I. Lepekhin, a garden in the Penza province, which belonged to S.T. Aksakov, where the prominent Russian botanist E.L. Regel, later - director of the garden in St. Petersburg. There are also known greenhouses and gardens of estates near Moscow, which belonged in 1737 to D. Golitsyn, Nikolsky garden of P. Trubetskoy near Moscow, etc.
At the end of the 18th century. the first botanical parks - arboretums - appeared in Russia, which were built entirely in a landscape style in accordance with the artistic tastes of that time. Such dendrological parks, which occupy an intermediate position between the botanical garden proper and an ordinary park, include the well-known parks - Trostyanetsky in the Chernigov region and Sofievsky near Uman in Ukraine, which have survived to our time.
In the first half of the XIX century. the newly built botanical gardens both in Russia and abroad were created mainly as educational gardens at universities. Subsequently, gradually, as botanical knowledge increases, the range of activities of botanical gardens is expanding more and more.
The development of the colonial expansion of the major powers in late XIX and early XX century. aroused interest in the geography of colonial countries. This gave impetus to the development of botanical geography. This has forced many botanical gardens to combine the systematic principle of showing vegetation with the geographical one. If the "systems" showed plant species that interested botany only from a morphological point of view, characteristic representatives of various families and genera, now in botanical gardens plants are arranged according to conditions close to natural. They are grouped in the form of plant communities of meadow, steppe, forest groups, if they are taken from the forest. This made it easier to study them in conditions close to natural. At the same time, the biochemical and physiological properties of plants are being studied in botanical gardens. Some promising crops have undergone a comprehensive and in-depth study with the identification of their economic data and biological properties. Botanists are already faced with the tasks of selection, adaptation, regionalization, and the study of agricultural technology.
In connection with the expansion of the tasks of activity and the change in the methods of exhibiting plants themselves, the overall size of botanical gardens also increases sharply. Their area already reaches many tens and even hundreds of hectares. These are the botanical gardens in Kew, Berlin-Dahlem, New York, and from the former Russian gardens - Nikitsky.
The rapid development of cities at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the large scale of industrial construction, the emergence in this regard of the most complex urban planning problems - the sanitation and greening of cities, the creation of a protective forest-park belt around large settlements etc. - all this set before the botanical gardens of the world the task of determining the most rational assortment of plants and developing effective methods greening cities and building parks. Modern botanical gardens are actively involved in solving these problems; ornamental plants are selected and studied here, gardens begin to act as promoters of certain techniques and methods of landscaping. In the botanical gardens, more and more new exposition areas appear - gardens of individual crops, continuous flowering, exemplary corners of parks. At the same time, botanical gardens are increasingly promoting botanical knowledge and the study of wildlife.
At the end of the 18th century, as noted above, elements of the landscape style appeared in the planning of botanical gardens under the influence of the development of a free landscape direction, which was universally entrenched in park-building art. Its artistic and aesthetic basis was based on the task of creating an idealized landscape. In connection with the new artistic tasks facing the park-building art, the problems of studying the decorative properties of plants and their harmonious combination began to acquire more and more decisive importance. In botanical gardens, scientific gardeners analyze the artistic features and dendrological properties of various species, methods of their design, possible groupings of plantings in parks and other important conditions for creating a landscape.
Over time, where possible, the gardens began to expand. The expansion of the boundaries of botanical gardens usually took place by joining them with free, undeveloped plots of land or combining old, relatively small, botanical areas of the garden with a wider park part of a manor's estate or royal estate, in which the first private botanical gardens were mostly created. This can be seen especially clearly in the development of the famous botanical garden at Kew, near London.
So gradually, in the process of their historical development, botanical gardens from the pharmaceutical gardens of the Middle Ages to our time have turned into a complex organism. It should be noted that changes in botanical gardens took place primarily under the influence of the general development of botanical science and the changing requirements for the scientific and botanical content of the work of the botanical garden. On the other hand, the changes were organically related to overall development gardening art.
A modern botanical garden is a complex organism with an area of \u200b\u200bup to many tens and even hundreds of hectares, with the recreation of entire geographical landscapes and botanical and historical expositions (rock gardens, Japanese, Italian gardens, etc.) in certain parts of the garden, which cannot do without landscape architect, achieving the artistic unity of all the variety of elements that make up the botanical garden.
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(BS) - research, educational, cultural and educational institution, collection of collections of living plants. In B.S. plant protection is organized at the population-specific level. In the Russian Federation, there are more than 50 B.s. Of which the largest are B. RAS in Moscow (an area of \u200b\u200b360 hectares, 20 thousand plant species, including about 200 rare and endangered species), B.S. Moscow State University (area 40 hectares), B.S. Botanical Institute. VL Komarov in St. Petersburg (area 22.6 hectares).
Watch value Botanical Garden in other dictionaries
Botanical - botanical, botanical. Adj. to the botanist. Botanical excursion. Botanical name of the plant. garden (a show garden where various plants are grown, ........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Garden - and so on, see planting.
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Garden - garden, about the garden and in the garden, pl. gardens, m. 1. A plot of land planted with various kinds of plants (trees, bushes, flowers), usually with paved paths. dilute or break ........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Garden - Silent, fragrant (obsolete), fragrant, rich, exuberant, gorgeous, cheerful, spring, branched, magical, deaf, naked, thick, leafy, fragrant, ........
Dictionary of epithets
Botanical adj. - 1. Corresponding by value. with noun: botany (1) associated with it. 2. Peculiar to botany (1), characteristic of her.
Efremova's explanatory dictionary
M. - 1. A plot of land planted with trees, bushes and flowers. 2. Trees, flowers growing on such a site.
Efremova's explanatory dictionary
Nursery garden Mn. - 1. Educational and health care institution for children preschool agewhere they are placed during work or employment with smth. their parents.
Efremova's explanatory dictionary
Louis Alphonse De garden - (1740-1814) - French aristocrat, marquis, writer, political pamphleteer. In his works he described obscene erotic scenes and cruel orgies. According to him ........
Political Dictionary
Garden - -a; offer about the garden, in the garden; pl. gardens; m.
1. A plot of land for growing garden plants, garden plants (flowers, fruit trees and shrubs) growing on ........
Explanatory dictionary Kuznetsov
Garden - Formed from the common Slavic sedti - "sit down", which also had the meaning of "plant" in the Old Russian period.
Etymological Dictionary of Krylov
Apothecary Garden - see Pharmaceutical garden.
Large Medical Dictionary
Botanical Garden -, a large garden plot with the status of a reserve, created for the purpose of demonstration, research and training. Wild and cultivated plants from all climates ........
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Kindergarten - (syn. Kindergarten) an institution for the public education of children aged 3 to 7 years, which is under the jurisdiction of public education authorities or other departments, enterprises and organizations.
Large Medical Dictionary
Batumi Botanical Garden An - Georgia. Located near Batumi (ZelenyMys settlement). Founded in 1912 by A. N. Krasnov. Area approx. 120 hectares. Scientific institution for breeding tea on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus ........
Botanical Garden - research, educational, auxiliary and cultural and educational institution. The botanical garden is based on a collection of live plants grown in the open ........
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Main Botanical Garden Ran - founded in 1945 in Moscow (on the territory of the Ostankino forest park) to commemorate the 220th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences. Area approx. 360 ha. Deals with the problems of acclimatization and introduction of plants, ........
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Nursery kindergarten - since 1959 in the Russian Federation, an educational institution for children from 2 months to 6 (7) years old, in which the upbringing of children of early and school age is successively linked.
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Kindergarten - an institution for the public education of children of preschool age. First created by F. Frebel (1837, Germany). In Russia - from the 60s. 19th century
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Summer garden - in St. Petersburg (laid out in 1704 - architects J. B. Leblond, M. G. Zemtsov, I. M. Matveev), where the Summer Palace of Peter I is located. Served as a place for arranging assemblies, courtiers ... ..
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Nikitsky Botanical Garden - was founded in 1812 by the Russian botanist H. H. Steven on the Black Sea coast of Crimea, 7 km from Yalta, near the village of Nikita (now Botanicheskoe). The area of \u200b\u200bthe garden with branches is 996 hectares. OK.........
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Novi Sad - a city in Serbia, the administrative center of the autonomous region of Vojvodina. Port on the river. Danube. 179 thousand inhabitants (1991). Mechanical engineering, chemical, pharmaceutical, leather and footwear, ........
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Nursery-kindergarten - (syn. Nursery-kindergarten) a unified children's institution for public education and medical care for toddlers and preschool children (up to 7 years old).
Large Medical Dictionary
Nursery garden - see Nursery-kindergarten.
Large Medical Dictionary
Garden - (Sade) Donatien Alphonse de François (1740-1814) - Marquis, French writer. In 1772 he was imprisoned on charges of debauchery. Released in 1790, during the Great French ........
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Sukhumi Botanical Garden An - Georgia - founded in Sukhumi in 1840. The area is 30 hectares. St. 4500 species and varieties of plants. The herbarium contains 40 600 sheets. Paleobotanical collections of fossil flora - 22 660 specimens.
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Central Republican Botanical Garden An - Ukraine (CRBS) - founded in 1936 in the southern part of Kiev, on the right bank of the Dnieper. Research Institute since 1967. Area 169.6 hectares. Deals with the problems of introduction and acclimatization ........
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Nursery garden - nurseries - see Nursery-kindergarten.
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Botanical Garden - Botanical Garden
a research institution where plants are grown and studied. It also serves as a center for educational and educational work and a place ........
Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Novi Sad - Novi Sad, adm. the center of the Vojvodina region in northern Serbia (Serbia and Montenegro), a port on the left bank of the Danube. 267 thousand inhabitants (1998). In the XIV century. - Hungarian fishing village Vasarosvarad ........
Geographical encyclopedia
Novi Sad - city, adm. c. ed. region of Vojvodina, Yugoslavia. In 1748 a city was formed with him. the name Neusatz, which, apparently, was obtained through the free transfer of fame. No-vi-Sad .........
Geographical Dictionary
botanical gardens The prototype of the first Moscow botanical gardens was the garden of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, founded in 1666 in the suburb of Moscow - the village of Izmailovo. By the names of its individual sites (grape, pear, plum, millet, etc.), one can judge the variety of plants that were grown in it. Watermelons, melons, pumpkins also ripened there, mulberry trees, "cypress bushes", white lilies, terry peonies, and others took root. plants (e.g. marjoram, basil, rosemary). Gardens specializing in the cultivation of medicinal herbs, or "pharmaceutical gardens", have been known in the capital since at least the 70s. XVII century According to the testimony of contemporaries, the case in them was so successfully staged that a number of herbs no longer needed to be collected in the Moscow region. By the decree of Peter I of 1706, such a Pharmaceutical Garden was founded at the Moscow General Hospital. According to legend, the king planted several trees in it with his own hands. In 1805 this garden was transferred to the Moscow University and became known as the Botanical Garden. Now it is a branch of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University (Prospect Mira, 26) - a monument of the history and culture of Moscow, a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites. Here, on an area of \u200b\u200b6.5 hectares, there is a section of an old park, an exposition of ornamental and other useful plants and a greenhouse.
Since the XVIII century. private botanical gardens appear. The most famous: the Botanical Garden of a large industrialist and patron of the arts P.P. Demidov on Vorobyovy Gory (founded in 1756), which contained more than 4 thousand species of plants both in open ground and in greenhouses; The Botanical Garden of Count A.K. Razumovsky in Gorenki near Moscow (founded in 1798), which foreigners called "the miracle of Moscow" for the richness of collections and size (about 730 hectares). In this Botanical Garden, where many botanists of that time worked, organizational forms of functioning of modern botanical gardens were formed and certain directions of botanical research were outlined.
In 1945, on the territory of the old Ostankino oak forest, the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Russian Academy of Sciences; Botanicheskaya Street, 4) was laid, bearing the name of its founder and first director N.V. Tsitsina. Here, on an area of \u200b\u200b360 hectares, collections (about 25 thousand species and garden forms) of various wild cultural (primarily ornamental) plants have been created; there is a rose garden (over 2 thousand varieties of roses), a syringarium (a collection of lilacs, over 400 varieties); about 5.5 thousand thermophilic species grow under glass in a greenhouse. An exposition greenhouse is under construction. About 60 hectares are occupied by a reserved area of \u200b\u200ban oak forest. This is a protected forest area that has no analogues in the world within the boundaries of a large industrial city. The main botanical garden also has a rich library and herbarium.
The main territory of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University, created in 1950 on the Lenin (now Vorobyovy) Hills, covers an area of \u200b\u200b33 hectares and serves primarily as a base for educational and research work of students and teachers of Moscow State University. Here a collection of mountain plants is collected and placed in the rock garden, an arboretum, areas of other useful plants, etc. have been created.
Botanical Garden of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva (4 Pryanishnikova Street) was founded in 1895. On an area of \u200b\u200b1.2 hectares there are systematic and experimental plots, an arboretum with 350 species of widespread and rare trees and shrubs, as well as a rock garden and a greenhouse.
The Botanical Garden of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NPO All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR; Gryna Street, 7) is located in the south of Moscow in close proximity to the Moscow Ring Road. It was organized in 1952. On an area of \u200b\u200b45.3 hectares (17 hectares is a park area), there are primarily many woody and herbaceous medicinal plants used in official and folk medicine. Another botanical garden of medicines. plants, which carries mainly educational functions - the Botanical Garden of the Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov (4th Krasnogvardeisky passage, 20). It was founded in 1946. On an area of \u200b\u200bover 5 hectares, about 1000 species of medicinal plants are grown, used as pharmaceutical raw materials, for educational and scientific work.
B.N. Golovkin.
Main Botanical Garden
Russian Academy of Sciences.
Moscow.
- - in the USSR, research, educational and cultural and educational institutions, in which they collect collections of living areas and on their basis study the diversity and grow wealth. the world of the earth ...
Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary
- - Botanical Garden of Moscow University. botanical gardens The prototype of the first Moscow botanical gardens was the garden of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, founded in 1666 in the suburb of Moscow - the village of Izmailovo ...
Moscow (encyclopedia)
- - ́ The first information about the Moscow gardens dates back to the XIV century, when on the southern slope of Borovitsky Hill, near the Moskva River, monastic gardens were laid out, including the Svyatitelev Garden of Metropolitan Alexy ...
Moscow (encyclopedia)
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Glossary of legal terms
- - according to the definition of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas" dated February 15, 1995, "environmental institutions, whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve diversity and ...
Big Law Dictionary
- - see Botanical Museums ...
- - environmental institutions, whose tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrichment of the flora, as well as implementation of scientific, educational and ...
encyclopedic Dictionary economics and law
- - university institutions, the purpose of which is to give students the opportunity to learn botany more thoroughly through practical exercises, both in microscopic plant anatomy and in experimental physiology ...
- - see Botanical gardens ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - S. is called a piece of land, usually surrounded by a fence and planted with various kinds of plants intended for the benefit or pleasure of man ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - Gardens are known under this name, in which plants from different parts of the world and different climates are cultivated for scientific and educational purposes. At the beginning of the XIV century. Matvey Silvatik laid the foundation for the first nerd. garden in Salerno ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - appeared in the 2nd half of the 18th century. First B. f. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, which is still being published, was founded by W. Curtis in 1787 in England ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - maps showing the composition, features of the geographical distribution of flora, vegetation or plant resources ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - institutions that collect, systematize, store and exhibit botanical collections, as well as carry out scientific and pedagogical work in botany ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - research, educational and auxiliary and cultural and educational institutions cultivating and studying plants, promoting botanical knowledge ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - Garden "s, -" s: N "new Garden" ...
Russian spelling dictionary
"botanical gardens" in books
Botanical curiosities
authorBotanical curiosities
author Tsinger Alexander VasilievichBotanical curiosities
Botanical curiosities
From the book Entertaining Botany author Tsinger Alexander VasilievichBotanical curiosities "Where the nature is tary for inventions!" IA Krylov 1. A plant that turns like a beetle You probably happened to see some beetle (May, dung or even "ladybug" - it doesn't matter) lying on its back. What does he do while striving
Botanical curiosities
From the book Entertaining Botany [With transparent illustrations] author Tsinger Alexander VasilievichBotanical curiosities
Botanical data
From the book Easter Island author Nikolai NepomniachtchiBotanical data Heyerdahl's theory of colonists from the New World is challenged by taxonomy (taxonomy), because the island did not have corn, beans and zucchini - the main products used in South America - at the time of the appearance of the Europeans; the first one gave the same result
Biological and botanical features of gooseberries
From the book Gooseberry. We plant, grow, harvest author Zvonarev Nikolay MikhailovichBiological and botanical features of the gooseberry Gooseberry is a long-lived multi-stem shrub up to 150 cm high. Its shoots are formed from the buds of the base of the bush (root collar) and are covered with thorns. In adult plants, the root collar grows strongly and
Botanical belts
From the book The Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichBotanical belts Thus, in connection with the geological structure of European Russia, it is possible to distinguish in it, without entering into a more fractional division, two main soil regions, especially important historically: the northern region of sandy loam and loam with a greater or lesser admixture
BOTANICAL GARDENS
From the book of 100 great nature reserves and parks author From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BO) of the author TSBBotanical museums
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MU) of the author TSBOldest university botanical gardens (locality)
From the book Crossword Handbook author Kolosova SvetlanaOldest University Botanic Gardens (locality) 3 Kew - London, England 4 Pisa - Italy Arizona, USA Padua - Italy 5 Cologne - Germany Kyoto Japan - moss garden6 Berlin - Germany Moscow - Russia 7 Venice - Italy Leipzig - Germany Lombard - pcs.
1. Homeland and botanical differences of gooseberries
From the book Berry. Gooseberry and currant farming guide author Rytov Mikhail V.1. Homeland and botanical differences of gooseberry Belongs to the genus of currant (Ribes), which is distinguished by the following features: plants in the form of a shrub with simple leaves, without stipules; flowers are regular, bisexual, located in axillary racemes; cup
It is relatively rare in botanical gardens to see morphological as well as ecological areas showing plants and their life forms in connection with the environment: plants of deserts and semi-deserts, aquatic and driving, marsh, etc.
Some botanical gardens, mainly foreign ones, sometimes display various elements on their display areas.
G b
Figure: 6. General plan of the botanical garden of Harvard University in Jamaica (Massachusetts, USA). The total area is 18.0 ha. One of the modern foreign
botanical gardens.
The main areas and structures of the garden: I - lawn; II - natural garden: IlI - rock garden;
* V - rosarium; V - pool for lnlni; VI - systematic areas; VlI - Herbarnuia building; VIII -
palm greenhouse; IX - laboratory building; X - greenhouses; XI - residential building.
historical landscape gardening compositions: Pliny's gardens, Italian gardens, etc. (in Berlin-Dahlem, Gleznevin - Ireland). Such exhibitions include the so-called Shakespeare Garden in the Brooklyn Botanical Gardens. (USA) (Fig. 8), reproducing the layout of the ornamental garden of the Shakespearean era (second half of the 16th century).
The composition of the botanical expositions themselves, their internal structure and the distribution of the area between their individual elements largely depend on the purpose and profile of the main activity of botanical gardens. Given in table. 2 data on the most famous domestic and foreign botanical gardens give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe distribution of exhibition areas and the availability of exhibition areas.
Figure: 7. General plan of the botanical garden in Butezorg (Java). Total area 333.0 hectares (with a reserve). One of the largest modern colonial gardens.
Founded in 1817
1-house director; 2-Museum of Zoology and Laboratory; 3- group of the main laboratory buildings of the garden; - the main agricultural experimental station; 5 - service building; 6 - round pool with a fountain; 7 - pond; 8 - herbarium and museum of botanical taxonomy; 9 - General's palace
governor.
« 
Figure: 8. General plan of a botanical garden in Brooklyn (USA). One of the modern foreign botanical gardens.
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Botanical gardens, their scientific profile and objectives 
From the data table. 2 shows that the largest territory in botanical gardens is occupied by an arboretum. For example, in the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, the arboretum has an area of \u200b\u200b76 hectares, which is more than 40% of the entire exposition area of \u200b\u200bthe botanical garden. For the same exposition in the Novosibirsk Botanical Garden (Fig. 9, 10), the project has allocated an area equal to 45 hectares, or about 30% of the exposition area of \u200b\u200bthe garden. The plots of arboretums are also large in other domestic gardens: in the botanical garden of Rostov State University - 9 hectares, or about 50% of the total area occupied by botanical
| A | Exposition areas | |||||||||
| The name of the botanical garden | Total area of \u200b\u200bthe exposition | eh? S a, Th a, *from i to | a (G S S m amp; S a d f- O I About Hj a Vd and o | cultural and wild I useful I | rock garden | fruit plots | decorative plants | patches of tropical plants | systematically * 5 sites | other exhibitions |
| Main Botanical Garden AHCCCP in Moscow (project) | 178.0 | 76.0 | 25.0 | 16.5 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 7.2 | 24.5 | Z.O |
| Botanical garden BIN in Leningrad | 13.5 | 12.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | ||||
| Nikitsky .... | 81.0 | 29.0 | - | 6.0 | - | 46.0 | - | - | - | |
| Batumi .... | 44.0 | 20.0 | 21.0 | 3.0 | ||||||
| Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden in Kirovsk. ... | 12.5 | 7.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 2.3 | |||
| Ashgabat (project) | 10.4 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | ||
| Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kiev (project) | 130.0 | 30.0 | 44.25 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 26.75 |
| Baku .... | 7.70 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | - | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | - | 1.0 |
| Gorkovsky (project) | 35.8 | 20.0 | 1.8 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Berlin-Dahlem (Germany). ... | 37.5 | 10.6 | 14.4 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 2.2 |
|
| Montreal (Canada) | 54.7 | 17.0 | 22.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 1.3 | |
| Butezorgsky (Java Island) .... | 89.23 | 58.0 | 31.2 | |||||||
| Botanical Garden in Gleznevin (Ireland). ... | 5.5 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.07 | - | 1.2 | - | |
table 2
Chapter one 
exhibitions, in Sochi - 14 hectares, or 28% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe garden. In foreign botanical gardens, such as in New York, the arboretum exhibits 45.3 hectares, which is almost 45% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe garden. In the Kew Botanical Gardens, the arboretum covers 34 hectares, or almost 30% of the total area; in the botanical garden in Paradenia - 24.4 hectares, that is, over 45% of the total area.
In many botanical gardens, significant areas are also set aside for protected plantations. So, in the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden
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Figure: 9. Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the West Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. Territory zoning scheme
according to the preliminary design of the garden.
/ - area of \u200b\u200bthe main entrance, 4.0 hectares; 2 - ornamental plants, 5.5 ha; 3- tropical flora (exposition greenhouse), 5.0 ha; 4-cultivated plants, 2.0 ha; 5-section of the floriculture department, 5.0 ha; 6 - Wild useful plants, 2.0 ha; 7 - fruit and berry plants, 12.5 ha; 8 - experimental plots, 7.0 ha; 9 - nursery, 10.0 ha; 10 - botanical and geographical areas, 33.0 eiders - system, 4.0 ha; 12 - park area, 2.5 hectares; 13 - household plot, 5.5 ha; 14 - rock garden, 14.0 ha; 15 - area of \u200b\u200bwater and water, 11.0 ha; 16 - arboretum, 45.0 ha;
17-reserve, 41.0 ha.
in the city of Kirovsk, out of its total area of \u200b\u200b350 hectares under the protected part (areas of the floodplain gt; and stony tundra), 300 hectares are occupied, or 86% of its entire territory. In the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, a large massif of the Ostankino oak forest with an area of \u200b\u200babout 50 hectares has been turned into a protected area. In Butezorgsky (Java) Botanical Gardens, the reserve - a virgin rainforest - occupies
244 hectares, or 85% of its entire territory.
In some botanical gardens, significant areas are occupied by the exposition of local flora: for example, in the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow - 25.0 hectares, or 15% of the total exposition area, in Butezorg (Java Island) -31.2 hectares, or 10% of the exposition area , in Montreal (Canada) -16.5 hectares, or 16%.
Relatively large territories in botanical gardens are occupied by collections of plants, intended mainly for scientific research.
research work and therefore not having a wide exposure value. For example, a plot of about 37 hectares has been allotted for scientific collections of plants in the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences under construction in Moscow, which is about 10% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe garden. In the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden under the collection sites
occupies 14.4 hectares, or 35% of the entire garden, in the New York Botanical Garden - 4.5 hectares, or 5%.
Other expositions in botanical gardens occupy much smaller areas, sometimes only in units of hectares (for example, systematic plots, areas of herbaceous, medicinal plants, rock gardens, etc.). So, in the botanical garden in Montreal (Canada), the exposition area of \u200b\u200bmedicinal is only 0.5 hectares, systematic areas in the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden in Kirovsk -
0.3 ha, etc.
As can be seen from the above brief overview of domestic and foreign botanical gardens, the range of research tasks * that they set for themselves is extremely large.
On February 14, 1706, on the northern outskirts of Moscow, behind the Sukharev Tower, Peter I founded the Pharmaceutical Garden for the cultivation of medicinal plants. Today, the Botanical Garden of the Lomonosov Moscow State University is one of the oldest botanical scientific institutions in Russia. Today we decided to tell you about the seven most famous botanical gardens in Russia.
Pharmaceutical garden in Moscow
The Apothecary Garden in Moscow or the Branch of the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University is the oldest botanical garden in Russia, which was founded by Peter I in Moscow in 1706. This botanical garden is also one of the oldest parks in Moscow. Initially, the Pharmaceutical Garden was created in order to grow medicinal plants on its territory. A legend is connected with this oldest garden, that Peter himself planted in the newly created garden three conifers - spruce, fir and larch. Even under Peter the Great, the garden was rich in greenhouses, rare plant species, and was also a favorite place for research by famous botanists.
Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg
Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg, the name of which now sounds like the Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute. VL Komarov RAS, is also one of the oldest botanical gardens in Russia. The garden itself is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg. The garden was opened by Peter the Great in 1714. Today, this famous botanical garden in Russia is subordinate to the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute, is its department and, accordingly, is part of the structure of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the Botanical Garden of the BIN RAS, the collection of plants includes more than eighty species. The exposition of the museum at the garden is devoted to the vegetation of the Earth, the history and evolution of plants, the plant resources of Russia, as well as the relationship between plants and humans.
Biryulevsky arboretum
The Biryulevsky arboretum is one of the most famous gardens in Russia, which is located in Moscow. This garden is the second among Moscow parks in terms of the number of rare specimens of trees and shrubs. The arboretum is located in Eastern Biryulyovo and is part of the Biryulevsky forest park. This garden was opened in 1938, but there is a secret connected with it, that the layout of the arboretum was already contained on the topographic map of the Moscow province of General Schubert in 1832. Now in the Biryulevsky arboretum there are more than 250 rarest species trees, shrubs and other plants.
Botanical Garden of Tver State University
The Botanical Garden of Tver State University is the northernmost botanical garden in Russia with an exposition of steppe plants. The garden is located in the Zavolzhsky district of Tver, not far from the confluence of the Tvertsa and the Volga. Also, this unique garden of the Upper Volga region is an object of historical, cultural and natural heritage, more precisely, an archeological monument. Initially, the garden was laid by I. Bobrov, a merchant of the First Guild, in 1879. At that time, oaks and larch trees were planted in the garden, which have survived to this day. This botanical garden features about 350 species of trees and shrubs, as well as more than 2,000 herbaceous plant specimens. Eight expositions and six fund collections have also been created here. The old pond in the garden has been known since the 18th century.
The Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute is located in the city of Kirovsk, Murmansk Region, and is one of the 11 institutes of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This unique garden is the northernmost botanical garden in Russia, as well as one of the three gardens in the world located above the Arctic Circle. The decision to create a botanical garden in the Khibiny Mountains was made on August 26, 1931 with the participation of Academician A.E. Fersman. In this botanical garden, research is being conducted on the acclimatization of new plant species, their reproduction for the population and other work. More than 400 species of plants of the Murmansk region are collected here.
Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS
The main botanical garden named after N.V. Tsitsin of the Russian Academy of Sciences is the largest garden-institute in Russia, as well as the largest botanical garden in Europe, which has the richest collections of plants. The most interesting thing is that this garden presents the most diverse flora of all continents and climatic zones of our planet. This unique botanical garden is distinguished by a large number of expositions dedicated to plants from Russia, the tropics and other climatic zones. Living collections of the garden include 8220 species and 8110 forms and varieties of plants. The garden was founded on April 14, 1945.
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