858 - 941
Abul Hasan Jafar
Abu Abdallah Rudaki (according to other sources, Abul Hasan Jafar) (c. 858, p. Panjrudak, now Tajikistan - 941, ibid.) - Tajik and Persian poet.
An outstanding poet, the founder of Persian classical poetry, Abu Abdallah Jafar Ibn Muhammad (according to other sources - Abul Hasan) was born in 858 in the village of Panjrud (translated from Tajik as five streams) (now the village of Panjrud in the Pendzhikent region of the Sogd region of the Republic of Tajikistan) settlement of Penjikent. Rudak means a stream, hence the pseudonym of the poet Rudaki (that is, from Panjrud, in other words, born in Panjrud).
Creation
Rudaki is the founder of Persian literature, the ancestor of poetry in Farsi-Tajik, the founder of poetic genre forms. Early became famous as a singer and musician-rhapsodist, as well as a poet. He received a good scholastic education, knew Arabic well, as well as the Koran. The fact of Rudaki's blindness from birth is refuted by the Soviet scientist M.M. Gerasimov, the author of a method for restoring a person's appearance on the basis of skeletal remains, arguing that the blindness occurred no earlier than 60 years. Iranian scholar Said Nafisi, who claims that Rudaki and Amir Nasr Somoni (ruler from the Samanid dynasty) were Ismailis and in 940 there was a big revolt against the Ismailis. On the advice of the vizier, who hated Rudaki, Amir Nasr ordered to blind the poet and confiscate his property. After another court poet, who had previously envied Rudaki, shamed Amir Nasr by saying that “In history, you will be remembered as the ruler who blinded the great poet.” from generous gifts and died in poverty in his native village of Panjrud, leaving not only magnificent poetry and prose, but also the beautiful Dari language (New Persian language), which gave rise to no less great poets and writers such as Firdousi, Khayyam, Saadi, Hafiz, Rumi , Nizami, Jami, Nasir Khosrov, Kamol Khujandi, Samarkandi, Bedil and many others who made a huge contribution to the development of the literature of Greater Iran (Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan) Rudaki for over 40 years led the galaxy of poets at the court of the Samanid rulers of Bukhara, reaching great fame ...
From the literary heritage of Rudaki (according to legend - more than 130 thousand couplets; another version - 1300 thousand - is implausible) barely only a thousand couplets have come down to us. The qasida "Mother of Wine" (933), the autobiographical qasida "Complaint about old age", as well as about 40 quatrains (rubai) have been completely preserved. The rest are fragments of works of panegyric, lyrical and philosophical-didactic content, including excerpts from the poem "Kalila and Dimna" (translated from Arabic, 932), and five other poems.
Along with the laudatory and anacreontic themes in Rudaki's poems, there is a belief in the power of the human mind, a call to knowledge, virtue, and active influence on life. The simplicity of the poetic means, the accessibility and brightness of the image in the poetry of Rudaki and his contemporaries characterize the Khorasan or Turkestan style they created, which remained until the end of the 12th century.
Rudaki is a classical poet, the founder of Persian poetry, who began to write in the New Persian language. The Persian language that existed before that, after the rapid conquest of Iran by the Arabs and the spread of Islam, was forced to change and began to use the Arabic script.
Rudaki, who lived at the end of the eras, managed to merge in his work both pre-Islamic musical and poetic traditions, and Iranian songs, and new norms of Arab versification. The name Rudaki was glorified from the borders of China to the Arabian deserts.
Rudaki was born around 860 and received the name Abu Abdallah Jafar ibn Muhammad at birth. According to another legend, his name was Abul Hasan, but he knitted a different name with him in his life - Rudaki, derived from the name of the poet's native village, which means a stream.
Time passed, and people gave him another name - Adam of the poets, that is, the forefather of poets. He "in verse from stone created a detailed silk verse."
An ancient legend tells us that Rudaki was born blind and was illuminated only by an inner light. However, "his gaze sees so clearly that we question the veracity of the legend, for unexpectedly a large role is played by colors, and it seems to us that he ... is too forgetting about his blindness" (J. Darmstheter).
As a still immature youth, Rudaki leaves his home and, in worn-out shoes, goes towards the great Bukhara.
In Bukhara, Rudaki receives education. He works like "a silkworm, which, having weaved a shroud, died, but its silk turned into a wonderful outfit." And this outfit is wonderful knowledge.
During the day, the young man studies, and in the evenings he sings his songs. And then the time came when his motives reached the ears of Emir Nasr. He respected and appreciated his native language and its traditions. So gradually, under the protection of the authorities, on the basis of folk poetic traditions, the poetry of Tajiks and Persians arose. This poetry was named "Farsi". Rudaki became its founder, but this is in the future.
The emir loves Rudaki and consults with him on any occasion, but not on important state affairs, but on art, poetry, and music.
For many years Rudaki became the court poet of the Samanids, a dynasty of Iranian shahs, conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century. A fragrant smoke of praise blew towards the poet, everyone pronounced glory to the teacher. He was the sultan of poets and at the same time he was always simple. But its simplicity is beyond comprehension. His poems are simple, and everyone thinks that he could have written better. And yet no one can write like him. His poems are inaccessible in their simplicity.
But so far the poet does not think about it. He lives easily and freely at court. It is like a sapling irrigated by a plentiful golden rain. But Rudaki is not only celebrating happy Days his young life, he sees everything.
For his happiness, Rudaki knows whom to thank:
Hashem saved me from grief,
giving me four qualities:
Illustrious name, mind,
health and good temper.
Anyone who is given by the Almighty
the four qualities are
Will go its way without grief,
not recognizing human sorrows.
This is how the poet lived, created, was friends, loved, bestowed affection on all well-wishers, while he never forgot about his thirst for acquiring knowledge and said to himself:
Learning is the best treasure
you multiply it:
Mine treasures
while you can.
Written poetry at that time was only at court. At the beginning of his activities in the palace of the Samanids, Rudaki was surrounded by honor and wealth, but the court chroniclers preserved the tradition that Rudaki later fell out of favor and was expelled from the palace. All the old Iranian poets experienced this tragedy.
The reason for Rudaki's disgrace is unknown. One can only assume that a certain role was played by his sympathetic attitude towards one of the popular uprisings in Bukhara. The great poet died in 941 in his native village.
Of his couplets, only individual poems and fragments have survived to us. Fragments of seven didactic masnavi poems have survived, the names of two of them are known: "Solstice" - a poetic presentation of "Sinbadname", "Kalila and Dimna".
Whoever Rudaki writes about - about high patrons, about himself, about his heroes, he always opens a new facet of an ordinary human personality. The poet often uses images taken from everyday life, from everyday life. Rudaki did not adapt to the rules of panegyric poetry, but subordinated it to his own laws. The autobiographical qasida "About old age" is striking in that it is not a sad story about old age, but a hymn to youth, eternal beauty and joy of life. It is this contrast, internal contradiction, instant transitions from the rapture of youth and joyful memories to sorrow and hopelessness that constitute the essence of Rudaki's tragic optimism.
Rudaki was not a philosopher explaining the world, he was a poet who felt the world and dreamed of improving it. Under his influence, a galaxy of poets created.
Roodaki was unusually prolific. He developed almost all the poetic forms of that time: qasida, gazelle, rubai, mesnevi. For centuries, his works served as models for the further development of these poetic forms. His traditions were continued by Ferdowsi, Hafiz and other poets.
Rudaki's genius poetry still lives in the souls of the peoples of the world. At the beginning of the 12th century, Ramizin Samarkandi wrote:
If anyone achieves world domination with a good poem,
That Rudaki befits superiority over all these poets ...
Being a rare lucky man, the poet does not harden his soul, he opens it wide open to the world and asks all of humanity:
Look at the world with a reasonable eye,
Not the way you looked before.
The world is the sea. Do you want to swim?
Build a ship out of good deeds.
Scythians and Sogdians supporting the royal throne. Fragment of relief in Persepolis
The Tajiks made a significant contribution to the spiritual treasury of civilization, gave the world outstanding and remarkable scientists, philosophers, writers, poets and architects, whose works have become an integral part of the scientific and cultural heritage accumulated by world civilization. Examples of this are the lyrics of the founder of the Persian-Tajik literature Abuabdullo Rudaki, the immortal national-epic poem "Shah-name" by Abdulkosim Ferdowsi, which absorbed the legendary history of the Persians and Tajiks, and "The Canon of Medicine" by Abuali Ibn Sino (Avicenna), which is a treatise for many centuries served as the main guide to medicine in educational institutions in Europe. Scientists Al-Khorazmi, Al-Forobi and Aburaikhon Beruni, such (according to Goethe) stars of the first magnitude in the horizon of world poetry as Khayyam, Rumi, Saadi, Hafiz, Jami, were known far beyond the ancient Sogd, Khorasan and Movarounnahr (Mesopotamia ) - the main territory of modern Central Asia and Bukhara 
RUDAKI, ABU ABDALLAH JAFAR IBN MOHAMMAD IBN HAKIM IBN ABDARRAKHMAN (858-941) - the founder of Persian-Tajik classical poetry, wrote in the Farsi language, laid the foundations of the genres and forms of Persian poetry, developed the main dimensions of Persian versification
The use of the term Perso-Tajik or Iranian-Tajik poetry (which is the same thing!) Indicates the existence of two branches of the Persian people.
Initially, poetry arose among the so-called "Eastern Iranians" (Tajiks), who lived in Central Asia and Khorasan, which included the lands of Northern Afghanistan and Northern Iran. Then the poetry of the Tajiks spread to the territory of Iran, among the "Western Iranians" (Persians, now called "Iranians).
For centuries, the legend about the origin of Perso-Tajik poetry has been passed on from mouth to mouth among the people.
According to one of the legends, the "crowned" Shah Bahrom Gur Sassanid (5th century), declaring his love to his beloved - the wondrous beauty Dilaram, suddenly spoke with his "joy of the heart" in verses.
According to another legend, a young man, wandering through the narrow streets of Samarkand, heard an unusual song hummed by a boy playing nuts with his comrades: “Rolling, rolling, he will come to the hole…”.
Delighted with the children's poetry, the young man did not notice how he, moving his lips soundlessly, began to pronounce the musical, melodic rubai about the charm of his native Samarkand, about the beauty of his home in the Zarafshan mountains.
The legend says that this young man was none other than Rudaki, the founder of classical poetry in the Farsi language.
The real name of the world-famous poet was Jafar, the son of Muhammad.
The exact date of birth of Rudaki is not known. Apparently, he was born in the second half of the 9th century (858-860).
Jafar spent his childhood and youth in the small village of Rudak (now the village of Panjrud) of the Penjikent district of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, not far from the famous settlement of Penjakent.
Rudak - translated from the Tajik language means "five streams" and this village is located on the slopes of the rocky Zarafshan ridge.
The teachers of the young Jafar were folk songs and folk music. And the beauty of his native nature, the wisdom and spiritual beauty of his mountain people inspired him to work.
The famous poet express his love and devotion to his native land not only in his poems, but in the fact that he chose the name of his native village - Rudaki as his poetic pseudonym.
Little is known about Rudaki's childhood and adolescence and the years of his youth. However, the signs of his genius appeared in early childhood. They say that Rudaki was seven years old when he memorized the Koran, and in the rules of reading the Holy Book of Muslims he had no equal until the end of his life.
Young Jafar played the barbat very well (the name of a musical instrument), had a captivating voice, and was especially respectful of knowledge and science, for the Quran says: "Truly, Allah raises those of you who believe and who are given knowledge to high levels." (Quran, 58:11).
Before becoming famous at the court of the Samanids, Rudaki was already known in his region as a folk singer and an unsurpassed talented musician.
rudaki monument in Dushanbe
The great folk poet, unsurpassed creator and performer understood that in order for the poet's voice to reach posterity, his oral poetry must have its written embodiment. Therefore, Rudaki appears in the palace of the Samanids, where he is surrounded by honor, splendor and wealth.
SULTAN OF PERSIAN POETRY
Rudaki's place in poetry is very high. He was considered the most famous poet of the Samanid period and the first Persian poet. The point is not that before Rudaki no one composed poetry in Persian. This means that he was the first poet to establish certain laws in Persian poetry. He developed such forms and genres in poetry as dastan, gazelle, madh (ode), moeze (instruction), marsie (elegy). He was the strongest poet of the time and was the first poet to compose a two-volume sofa from his poems. For these reasons, he has earned titles such as "Father of Persian poetry", "Master of Persian poetry" and "Sultan of Persian poetry."
One of the important merits of Rudaki is that he transcribed the famous book "Kaline va Dimne" in verse. By order of Amir Nasr Samani and art lover Vizier Abu-l-Fazl Balami, he presented this book in verse and for this work received an award of 40 thousand dirhams. Unfortunately, this book has not survived to this day, only a few beits remain.
Rudaki left a great poetic heritage - about one million three hundred thousand lines of poetry, although only a part of them have survived to us. He worked during the period early middle ages, his poems are not yet constrained by that convention of form, the complexity of metaphors, the arrogance and pretentiousness of the palace panegyric, which are so characteristic of the poetic searches of the later Middle Ages. Rudaki's poetry is almost free from mystical, religious motives; the poet praises life as it is, earthly human love, the beauty of relationships, the delights of nature.
Of course, Rudaki's lyrics are multifaceted and multifaceted, but its main directions can also be distinguished.
Rudaki's poems cover a variety of topics. The themes of love, edification, motives of sorrow and compassion, praise, mystical solitude are the main themes of Rudaki's work.
The poet writes about abstaining from envy and greed in relation to others:
Life gave me advice on my question in response -
Thinking, you will understand that all life is advice:
“Don't you dare to envy someone else's happiness.
Are you not the object of envy for others? "
One of the most famous poems of Rudaki is Marsie
(elegy), written on the occasion of the death of the son of one of the
figures.
In this poem, he calls for patience and notes
the uselessness of sobbing and grieving death
dear people.
A sad friend worthy of respect
You secretly shedding tears of humiliation.
The one who has gone has gone, and the one who has come has come,
Who was, he was - why grief?
You want to make this world calm
And the world desires only circularity.
Do not be angry: after all, your world does not heed anger,
Don't cry: he is full of disgust to tears.
Weep until the universal judgment breaks out,
But the past will never return
Rudaki also composed a marsiya on the occasion of the death of the poet Shahid Balkhi:
He died. The martyr's caravan left this mortal light.
Look, and he took our caravans after him.
The eyes, without thinking, will say: "One in the world has become less."
But the mind will sadly exclaim: "Alas, how many are no more!"
Rudaki was a master of lyrical gazelles. The famous poet Unsuri praised Rudaki's gazelles and believed they were superior in skill to his own gazelles. Unsuri wrote about it like this:
Gazelle is beautiful Rudakian!
Not my rudak gazelles.
The modern form and style of qasid writing were also developed by Rudaki. He began his qasidy with tashbib and tagazzol (bringing love lines at the beginning of qasida). Then begins the praise of the mamdukh (amir or another person), and at the end are the beits in which the poet prays for the health of the mamdukh and wishes him to be strengthened in office and happiness.
The theme of the struggle between good and evil takes a lot of place in Rudaki's work. The poet cannot but worry about the following question: "Why does the life of a kite last two hundred years, and a swallow no more than a year?" Although he often proclaims: “Live joyfully with black-eyed, joyfully,” and then “come what may”, his worldview is not so simple. He acts as a champion of justice, goodness, sees social inequality in society, although he does not know the means to fight against it. Apparently, that is why his moaning is so frequent: “Well, fate is insidious!”, “We are sheep, the world is a corral”, “Where an honest one should sit…”, “Temptations of the body are money”.
The complexity of the perception of reality and Rudaki's worldview can be seen, perhaps, from the following couplets:
Everything that the world creates is a semblance of a bad dream.
However, the world does not sleep, it acts harshly,
He rejoices where the pain of all living things is,
Where evil should be, he sees his good.
So why do you look at the world calmly:
There is no rest in the deeds of the world.
His face is light, but his soul is vicious,
Although beautiful, its foundation is bad.
Rudaki had a sofa in two volumes. There are different opinions on the number of rows of this sofa. But this sofa has not survived to this day, and in our time, about one thousand beits / two thousand lines / from the works of Rudaki have been published.
CLOSE OF AMIR SAMANID
Due to his wide fame, talent and insight, Rudaki was elected an approximate of the court of Amir Nasr ibn Ahmed Samani (who ruled from 301 / 913-14 to 331 / 943-44). The conditions for choosing such a position were as follows: a person must be a joker, a witty, sociable, witty, orator, literate, encyclopedically educated. Rudaki had all these attributes. The position of a close associate with the gift of speech was more important than the position of a vizier. Rudaki had great influence at the court of the Samanids, and Emir Nasr ibn Ahmed gave him prizes and gifts. As they say, when he went on hikes, travel, the poet was accompanied by two hundred slaves, and four hundred camels carried his luggage.
"WIND BREAKING FROM MULIAN ..."
One of the famous stories from Rudaki's life refers to a poem with the help of which he could influence the Emir Nasr Samanid to return to Bukhara. Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi in his book "Chakhar Makale" fully cites this story. But we are abbreviating it.
“Nasr ibn Ahmed Samanid spent the winter in the capital Bukhara, and in the summer he came to Samarkand or to one of the cities of Khorasan.
And then in some of the years I stopped in Badgis. He liked the wonderful climate, the abundant and good harvest of this area.
Since the situation in the Samanid state was stable, he remained there for four years in a row.
Gradually, the emirs and chiefs of the army were tired of such a long stay and wished to return to Bukhara and see their family.
However, the emir had no desire to return, and the efforts of the chiefs of the troops and nobles of the state to obtain the emir's consent to return to Bukhara were in vain.
Finally, the commanders of the troops and nobles came to the ustad Abu Abdallah Rudaki. And for the padishah, there was no one more influential and more pleasant for conversation among his entourage, except him. They said: “We will give you five thousand dinars if you come up with a means for the padishah to move from this land. Our hearts want to see their children, and our souls yearn for Bukhara. "
Rudaki agreed ... He composed a qasida, went to Emir Nasr and sat down in his place ... took chang and sang qasida in the "usshak" mode:
The wind blowing from Mulyaia reaches us.
The charm of my beloved one reaches us ...
What are we ford Amu rough? We are so
Like a golden-woven track.
Boldly into the water! Snow-white horses
Drunk foam reaches knee-deep.
Rejoice and rejoice, O Bukhara:
The shah comes to you, married.
He's like a poplar! You are like an apple orchard!
A fragrant poplar comes to the garden.
He's like a month! You are like a blue sky!
A clear moon rises early in the sky.
When Rudaki reached this beit, the amir felt such excitement that he rose from the throne, as he was without boots, put his legs in the stirrups of the horse and rushed to Bukhara, so that the hip armor (to protect the hips during battles on horseback) and boots caught up with him at a distance of two farsakhs ...
And then until Bukhara, he did not stop. And Rudaki received from the army these five thousand dinars in double size. "
Nizami Aruzi adds that so far no one has been able to compose an answer to this qasida.
And it is true. Since even famous poets who tried to compose poems in this size with such rhyme could not do it, and this is very surprising! Because this poem is simple. The reason for the great influence of this poem on the Samanid emir is believed to have been the musical instrument Rudaki played when he sang the poem. The famous Iranian poet Hafiz Shirazi, who used this text in one of his poems, writes:
Get up, let's give our heart to that Samarkand Turkish woman,
The wind blowing from her brings us the fragrance of Mulyan!
"ALL MY TEETH HAVE BEEN OUT OF MY, AND I UNDERSTOOD FOR THE FIRST TIME ..."
Rudaki's calm and prosperous life was not long, and with the overthrow of Nasr ibn Ahmed Samani, who was Mamduh, praised and patron of Rudaki, his position also changed.
Rudaki suffered anger and rage, lost his position, property, he was blinded by the opponents of Nasr ibn Ahmed, and the calamity of blindness was added to the calamities of old age.
Apparently, it was at this time, under the influence of difficulties and disasters, that Rudaki wrote his famous poem about old age:
All my teeth fell out, and I understood for the first time.
That before I had living lamps.
They were bars of silver, and pearls and corals.
They were stars at dawn and raindrops.
Oh no, it's not Saturn's fault. Who? I will answer you:
God did that, and such are the laws of the ages.
Do you know, my love, whose curls are like musk
About how your captive was in other times?
Oh, if only you could see Rudaki during these years,
Not now that I'm old and the days are bad.
Then I rang like a nightingale, composing songs,
Then I proudly walked around the gardens, the ends of the earth.
Then I was a servant of kings and to many a close friend,
Now I have lost my friends, there are only strangers around.
Now my poems live in all the royal palaces,
In my poems, kings live, their deeds are battle.
But times have changed, and I myself have changed.
Give the staff: the gray-haired should wander with the staff, with the bag.
Abu Abdallah Rudaki is considered the founder of a new Farsi language literature. Firstly, because, having abandoned the Arabic language, which dominated for two centuries (VII-VIII), he did not like people who used foreign words in their speech,
The "many-voiced nightingale" (as he called himself) Rudaki, who wrote in various genres, remained devoted to his Persian language. The poet did not return to the old Iranian, Pahlavi language, which served as the language of the literary before arab conquest... Rudaki worked in modern pure Persian Dari (Farsi-Dari) Tajik language (by another name - "Persian Dari").
Rudaki's poetry is natural, sincere, humanistic. The poet praises his native land, native nature, uses in his works contemporary
national life material. He writes about a person, his time and himself. Many of his works reflect real facts, events, and features of autobiography are also obvious.
Mausoleum of Rudaki
Rudaki reworked and created in the Dari-Farsi language all the well-known poetic genre forms of oriental (Arab-Iranian, in particular) literature: rubai, gazelle, qasida, mesnevi, kitga, etc. These genre forms existed in different linguistic systems even before Rudaki. However, it was he who brought them to perfection in his native language using national material. These genre forms later became classical. Rudaki's poetic traditions were taken up and enriched by his followers. Moreover, his work became a poetic source for the professional (palace), and for the Sufi, and for the freedom-loving trends in the literature of the entire period of the Iranian Middle Ages.
The destinies of poets, learned philosophers in those distant times were completely in the hands of the rulers. All the great poets of the Eastern Middle Ages experienced a tragedy.
And for Rudaki, after a rich and magnificent life at the court of the emir, the time of "staff and bag" came. Medieval chroniclers have preserved the news that Rudaki fell into disgrace and was expelled from the palace. According to this version, the poet was not blind from birth. Disgraced, but still beloved by his fellow countrymen, the great poet died in his native village.
The date of Rudaki's death, like the year of birth, is not known. They say that he died in his native village of Rudak in one of these years: 329 / 940-41, 339 / 950-51 or 343 / 954-55. But if we bear in mind that Nasr ibn Ahmed ruled until 331 / 943-44, we can come to the conclusion that the date of Rudaki's death should also be 339 / 950-51 or 343 / 954-55.
In the village of Rudaki, the birthplace of the great poet, his grave was discovered in the 20th century and a mausoleum was erected.
We will end our article on the life and work of the great Tajik national poet with one of his poems:
About those shirts, beauty, I read in the gray-haired parable.
All three were worn by Joseph, famous for his beauty.
One was bloody by cunning, the deception tore the other,
The blind Jacob received his sight from the fragrance of the third.
My face is like the first, like my second heart,
Oh, if only I could find the third one by fate!
/ Translated by V.V. Levin and S.I. Lipkin /
For more than a thousand years, unique beits and quatrains of the poet have been rewritten and passed from mouth to mouth.
humanity, unique emotional expressiveness, filigree cut of the word, unexpected imagery:
The desired kiss of love - it is similar to salty water;
The more you thirst for moisture, the more frantically you drink.
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1958
The poems of the greatest poet of the Middle Ages have been translated and continue to be translated into the languages \u200b\u200bof all peoples of the world. Rudaki's poetry, feeding on the life-giving juices of eternal folk wisdom, conquered the whole world and became an outstanding phenomenon of world culture.
Audio: The most famous aphorisms of great people (collection: part number 6)
Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar short biography (about 860 - 941 YY.)
Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar poems. Tajik and Persian poet. Born into a peasant family. In his youth, he became popular thanks to his beautiful voice, poetic talent and masterful playing of a musical instrument - ore. Rudaki was invited by Nasr II ibn Ahmad Samanid (914-943) to the court, where he spent most of his life. As Abu-l-Fazl Balami says, "Rudaki at one time was the first among his contemporaries in the field of poetry, and neither the Arabs nor the Persians have anything like him." He was considered not only a master of verse, but also an excellent performer, musician, and singer.
Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar brought up novice poets and helped them, which further raised his authority.
However, in old age, he suffered great hardships. The aged and blind poet, or perhaps forcibly blinded, as some sources say (possibly due to his friendship with Balami), was expelled from the court and returned to his homeland.
After that, Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar did not live long.
No more than 2000 lines from the works of Rudaki have survived to our time. The surviving verses testify to his great skill in all poetic genres of that era. He wrote solemn odes, lyrical ghazals, large didactic poems (a collection of famous fables from the cycle "Kamila and Dimna", etc.), satirical poems and funeral dedications.
Rudaki was not an ordinary court odographer. His odes begin with vivid descriptions of nature, praising the joys of life and love, reason and knowledge, nobility and hardships of life, reverence for man and his labor. The poet has almost no religious motives. Many verses bear the stamp of deep philosophical meditation.
With his work, Rudaki laid the foundations of all Tajik-Persian poetry, developed the main genres and genre forms; almost all poetic proportions and systems of images crystallized in his poems. The poet's poems became a model for subsequent generations of Tajik poets.
Rudaki is the recognized founder of classical poetry, which, having spread in the X-XV centuries. among Tajiks and Persians, gave the world such luminaries as Ferdowsi, Khayyam, Saadi and others. The classics of this poetry fondly remembered Rudaki, considering him their teacher.
* Trouble for the one who is proud of reason,
And his son is a bum and dumb.
And a good disposition, and a fruit of reflections
Alas, it won't go to the heir.
* We are all perishable, such is the course of the Universe.
We are like a sparrow, and death, like a hawk, awaits.
* And sooner or later any flower will fade,
The death of all creatures will grind with its grater.
* "All people are curmudgeons!" - You repeat angrily,
We overcome with evil greed.
Be generous yourself, become kind and open,
And people will be generous with you. "
* The great ones left in beauty and strength,
Everyone bowed their heads before death.
Have gone underground to gloomy graves
Those who built gardens and castles.
Those who had hundreds of benefits during their lifetime,
They only took the shroud with them.
I will say this: hurry to do good,
It is not all the same what they ate and wore.
* In the grave, the dead sleeps peacefully, the dead will not come to life,
Such a law was destined for the eternal firmament.
* Look at this world with a sober and reasonable look,
You will see everything in a different way, you will understand life in a new way.
The world is like an ocean, build a boat out of good deeds,
And then you can swim calmly and easily.
* The day of death will equalize us living,
We are all indistinguishable from each other!
* Nice name, reason, gentle disposition, health of the body -
God gives all four good qualities to the noble.
The husband who possesses all of them from birth,
Let him live his long life, not knowing sorrow.
* The monkeys became cold in winter,
Suddenly a firefly lit a living fire.
"Let us keep warm now, end of suffering",
And they put the firefly to the logs.
* The world is prosperous, and you are obliged to vegetate,
May the world be unjust to you, be fair yourself!
* The mortal world was created by a certain sorcerer,
All the tales in it and empty fiction,
Do not flatter yourself with the ghost of good
But resolutely stand against evil!
* Neither wife, nor home, nor children will bind the sage.
* Do not be in calm indifference,
The world is not faithful, it will sell you for a penny.
The evil essence is hidden by the form of deceit:
In his actions he is spiteful, but his face is handsome.
* He cannot become great, in whom there is no greatness of the soul,
He will not climb a pedestal, even if his power is strong.
* Hurry to enjoy sparkling wine,
The nobility of the soul is manifested in him,
It distinguishes incorruptible from vile,
From the one who, having sold himself, became a low slave.
But wine gives us special joy
Sometimes when roses shine with fire.
How many strongholds were conquered by him!
You coped with drinking, with a rebellious horse.
Even a greedy huckster, drunk with wine,
Thoughtlessly parted from the acquired property.
* Oh, woe, how much this world promises us misfortunes!
Joy mixed in him with misfortune in half.
* Deception, discord will not lead to good,
No one in trouble will come to the rescue.
Choose yourself the fruit that is sweet
Do not touch the bitter, poisonous fruit!
* Oh, frivolous Youth, you should not judge
What the wise men know, but you did not know and did not know.
Aloe tastes bitter, in vain to look for sweetness in it,
Willow will never be fragrant like sandalwood.
* Do not be afraid of obstacles, man, remember this:
A good summer replaces winter on earth.
* My story about a bee will go.
She collected honey for the hive,
Suddenly I saw, to my misfortune,
Blooming water lily on the pond.
And the bee sank onto the flower,
Forgetting that it's time to fly away.
When it got dark in the neighborhood
The water lily carried the bee to the bottom.
* Fate is unfair to the wise.
Therefore, be tireless in work.
Take it, but give it away without hesitation
Mine, but share generously with others.
* Owls, together with the cranes, decided to fly on a clear day.
They only fell blindly and broke their wings.
* Having found wealth, do not be proud in the embrace of vanity,
The world has seen and will see again people like you.
* More modern than all the poets of the taste of the new and Tolko,
I am able to make granite softer than silk.
* You are serpent-catchers, and the world is like a serpent, you will die from a bite, serpent-catchers.
* Only to wisdom he is infinitely faithful to the end.
You will leave the property with the children so that the family lasts,
Only wisdom by inheritance will not pass to anyone.
* You brought the scoundrel closer, that's what's wrong,
A donkey cannot replace a camel!
* You often forget the good, remembering only the evil deed,
Should I think about the thorns, eating the fruit with delight?
Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar All quotes: IX century AD \u003e\u003e
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Abuabdullo Rudaki was born in the middle of the 9th century. in the village of Panj Rud (near Penjikent) in a peasant family. Very little data has been preserved about the life of this remarkable poet, and especially about his childhood.
Rudaki became popular in his youth due to his beautiful voice, poetic talent and masterful playing of the musical instrument ore. He was invited by Nasr II ibn Ahmad Samanid (914-943) to the court, where he spent most of his life. As Abu-l-Fazl Balami says, "Rudaki was at one time the first among his contemporaries in the field of poetry, and neither the Arabs nor the Persians have anything like him"; he was considered not only a master of poetry, but also an excellent performer, musician, and singer.
Rudaki raised novice poets and helped them, which further raised his authority.
However, in old age, Rudaki suffers great hardships. The aged and blind poet, or perhaps forcibly blinded, according to some sources, was either due to his friendship with Balami, or due to participation in the movement of pockets, was expelled from the court and returned to his homeland.
After that, Rudaki lived a little. As Samani writes in the book "Al-Ansab", the poet died in 941 (952) in his native village.
Hardly more than 2000 lines from the works of Rudaki have survived to our time. The surviving poems of Rudaki testify to his great skill in all poetic genres of that era. He wrote identical odes (qasads), lyrical gazals, large didactic poems (a collection of famous fables from the cycle "Kamila and Dimna", etc.), satirical poems and funeral dedications.
Rudaki was not an ordinary court odographer. His odes begin with vivid descriptions of nature, chanting the joys of life and love, reason and knowledge, nobility and hardships of life, reverence for man and his labor, prefers life practice and calls her the best mentor. Rudaki has almost no religious motives. Many verses bear the stamp of deep philosophical meditation. In a poem dedicated to the onset of old age, Rudaki asks who is the culprit of the onset of old age, and answers:
You see: time ages everything that seemed new to us.
But time is also making old deeds younger.
Yes, flower beds have turned into deserted deserts,
But the deserts also blossomed like thick flower beds.
With his work, Rudaki laid the foundations of all Tajik-Persian poetry, developed the main genres and genre forms; almost all poetic dimensions and systems of images crystallized in his poems. Rudaki's poems became a model for subsequent generations of Tajik poets.
He is the recognized founder of classical poetry, which, having spread in the X-XV centuries. among Tajiks and Persians, she promoted such luminaries as Ferdowsi and Khayyam, Saadi and others. The classics of this poetry fondly remembered Rudaki, considering him their teacher.
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