Greetings friends! Glad to see everyone. Yuri Okunev with you.
For a spectacular speech, it is not enough to know the topic and to master the facts impeccably. You must be able to evoke certain emotions and feelings in the listener, make your speech lively and animated in order to be successful with the public. We will be helped by rhetorical techniques that enhance the effect of public speaking.
Have you ever sat in a boring lecture or meeting when the speaker says something and speaks endlessly in a monotonous voice, lulling the audience in the front rows? Surely it happened.
And what remained in your head after that lecture? Emptiness and free wind. And someone else is also annoyed: oh, so much time wasted! Let's not become like would-be orators, let's take note of the main rule of rhetoric.
The speaker's speech should create vivid images in the minds of people. Then the performance will be interesting and memorable, and the information will be assimilated.
A good speech the listener "must see and feel" - said R. Harris, the famous English lawyer.
Special rhetorical techniques help the speaker to create images. The purpose of these techniques is to make speech more understandable and interesting, to captivate, capture the attention of the audience and direct the thinking of the masses in the right direction, that is, to convince.
"There is no eloquence if there is no admiration of the audience"
And these are the words of Cicero, the consummate Roman master of the word. There are a lot of rhetorical methods of oratorio. Consider those that are more common.
Synecdoche
This is a technique based on the transfer of the name of the general to the particular and vice versa. For instance:
Germany escaped defeat in the match with Australia.
This does not mean geographical location, but a meeting of two football teams in a game - German and Australian. Synecdoche increases the aesthetics of speech, gives it deep content.
Comparison and metaphor
If you have to touch on abstract and philosophical concepts in your speech, try to find their visual image in the form of a physical object or phenomenon that will be familiar and understandable to everyone present. The comparison method is based on this.
A striking example of such a technique is M. Khodorkovsky's public speech at the trial, where he was charged with stealing 347 million tons of oil from the state.
Then Mr. Khodorkovsky compared this volume with the composition of a freight train, three times around the Earth along the line of the evator. It immediately became clear to everyone present in the courtroom that the figure was 347 million; it was unrealistic for one person to steal so much oil.
Comparison has a younger sister - a metaphor. Literary device, when the properties of one object are transferred to another. Example:
The sunset blazed.
A quiet whisper of waves is heard.
The properties of fire are attributed to the sunset, and the waves with their rustle are similar to human speech. Metaphor is used less often in oratory than comparison. Nevertheless, this technique increases the artistry of speech, enhances the impact on the audience.
Repeat
It is recommended to repeat the most important, key points of your speech at least twice throughout the entire presentation. This is done for several reasons:
- The listener can get distracted, think about the family, about some current problems and ignore your words. By repeating a thought, you force the listener to return to reality;
- Repetitions of the main idea, expressed in other words, give the listeners the impression that they perceive completely different information (although the information is the same). Thus, a new thought is quickly deposited in the subconscious of the public.
- If we now repeat the thought again, and again in a new version, the process of remembering will start. The listener will pass off your thought as his own, and agree with you. Your speech will become convincing to him.
Be careful with this technique, insert the repeat where you really need it.
Repetition tires the listener. Speech filled with short and voluminous images that does not require explanation increases interest.
Four ways to play with repetition in text
- Exactly the same. This is a repetition, word for word, quoting a thought that was expressed earlier. Used to create an additional accent.
- Option. We retell the main idea in other words, rephrase.
- Expansion. We develop the idea voiced earlier, add new images to it, clarify controversial points. Use repetition-extension in case an important and key thesis, in your opinion, sounded unconvincing, was lost in the text.
- Output. Brief summary of everything said earlier before moving on to the next part of the speech. Mostly used in lectures and training courses.
Citation
Quoting the statements of famous leaders and public figures will help to win over, to melt the ice of mistrust of an unfamiliar audience.
Against the background of excerpts from historical documents, sayings of philosophers, your words in the understanding of the public will automatically be translated into the category of reliable ones. It is appropriate to give 1-2 quotes at the beginning of the speech, before moving on to the main part.
Appeal
It consists in a short appeal to the audience with a proposal to perform a certain action. This technique is appropriate if 2 conditions are met:
- You are completely confident in the trust and sympathy of the audience;
- You want to create a vivid image of your idea in the minds of the audience with their direct participation.
This method is typical for military-patriotic speeches, political speeches, advertising campaigns.
A rhetorical question
A question to which there is no exact answer is called a rhetorical one. This method invites the listener to reasoning, active work of thinking.
To be or not to be?
- the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy asks his famous rhetorical question. Reception makes the listener immerse himself in the image, the content of the speech. Having uttered the question, the speaker pauses, gives the audience an opportunity to think.
Do not use this technique unless you are sure that the audience shares your point of view. For example, to the question: "Is it difficult to get up early and run in the park?" you may not hear a negative answer if the audience is far from the Spartan way of life.
Insert
The speaker makes a small remark, as if "by the way," inserts a phrase, thereby joining the audience, making it complicit.
For example, the speaker says: "The state of the roads at the moment leaves much to be desired." And as if in passing he remarks: "It's not for me to tell you this ..."
After such a phrase and a meaningful pause, not a single listener with an indifferent and bored face will remain in the hall. The insert technique is a win-win method to draw the audience's attention to the issue under discussion, giving the topic a bright touch of relevance.
Despite its simplicity, the technique requires a certain degree of liberation and sophistication from the speaker in the art of oral and public speaking.
Crossover (chiasm)
Oratorical technique, which consists in cross-changing the endings of two parallel phrases.
Learn to love art in yourself, not yourself in art.
The famous phrase of K.S. Stanislavsky, built on the chiasm method. And here's another phrase, with a pun added:
The honor of our part is part of our honor.
Most of the famous sayings of philosophers are based on the method of baptism. This method allows you to increase the persuasiveness of the speech and makes the speaker's speech more vivid and expressive.
Antithesis
The essence of the technique is the opposition of absolutely different phenomena, processes, concepts that are opposite in meaning. A contrast is created that boggles the imagination of the audience.
“They got together. Wave and stone
Poems and prose, ice and fire
Not so different among themselves. "
(A.S. Pushkin)
Hint
The technique is used when, due to certain circumstances, the speaker does not want to talk directly about an event or phenomenon. In this case, the speaker hints at the event. Example:
Unstable political circumstances, as you know, sometimes force us to remember the Phrygian cap.
If you do not know that the "Phrygian cap" is a headdress worn by the leaders of the French Revolution, then the meaning of this phrase will be vague. To put on a Phrygian cap means "take up arms."
It is important to take into account that the event or phenomenon that the speaker wants to talk about is understandable and recognizable for everyone present, otherwise the hint will go unnoticed and will not produce the desired effect.
Chain
Another interesting technique is that the speaker throws a sensational phrase, causing shock to the listener. Then the speaker builds a logical chain, during which the meaning of the first sentence is clarified.
Everything falls into place, and the audience sighs with relief. I will give a toast as an example:
“I want you to die ... That you die at 100 ...
So that you die at 100 at the hand of a jealous man ...
And so that your death is deserved! "
Reception chain allows you to rivet the attention of the audience to the speaker for a long time, and the longer the chain of words, the stronger the tension and interest in the audience.
Surprise
Paradoxical statement with subsequent decoding. Reception of surprise allows you to catch the listener by surprise, shake an inactive audience, and make an impression.
For example, a speaker declares, "An optimist is a failure!" And then adds "... who thinks everything is good." This oratorical method should be applied rarely and to the place so as not to smooth out the effect.
Afterword
The main purpose of any public speaking is ... What do you think? No, not information. The purpose of the presentation is to convey the speaker's attitude to the topic, his subjective point of view. The speaker conveyed his point of view to the ears of the audience, managed to convince - the speech took place. I didn't report, I got stuck halfway - a bad speaker.
It is rhetorical techniques that help the speaker achieve a convincing effect, create an image, confidently lead the audience. And of course, an important component of the success of the speech is the strength of the speaker's voice, his impeccable speech technique.
The video course of a public speaking coach will help to tighten this factor Ekaterina Pestereva "My tongue is my friend".
All exercises of the course are provided with detailed instructions and proven by many years of practice.
Well, I ran to improve my speech. Subscribe to news, do not miss the latest articles, and share with your friends. I look forward to feedback in the comments.
See you later! Best regards, Yuri Okunev.
The appearance of the head of the company, his leadership qualities and sales skills determine the success of the enterprise. This is known by PR specialists who write speeches for leaders, think over their appearance, teach them to speak in public and correctly place accents. However, even the best PR specialist cannot independently turn an ordinary person into a bright personality, a hero of public speeches.
The book by James Hume, a renowned writer and former speechwriter for five American presidents, reveals some of the secrets of public speaking and charisma creation. Having mastered the techniques suggested by the author, you will gain confidence and learn how to easily and successfully cope with public speaking.
1. Pause
Where should any successful performance start? The answer is simple: with a pause. It doesn't matter what kind of speech you have: a detailed presentation for a few minutes or a short presentation by the next speaker - you must achieve silence in the room. Going to the podium, look around the audience and fix your gaze on one of the listeners. Then mentally say the first sentence to yourself and after an expressive pause, start talking.
2. First phrase
All successful speakers attach great importance to the opening phrase of a speech. It should be powerful and be sure to elicit a positive response from the audience.
The first phrase is, in TV terminology, the "prime time" of your speech. At this moment, the audience is the largest in number: every person in the audience wants to look at you and find out what kind of bird you are. Within a few seconds, the screening of listeners may begin: someone will continue the conversation with a neighbor, someone will stick to the phone, and someone will completely fall asleep. However, everyone without exception will listen to the first phrase.
3. Bright start
If you do not have a bright, suitable aphorism in stock that can grab everyone's attention, start with a story from your life. If you have an important fact or news, unknown to the audience, start right away with it (“Yesterday at 10 o'clock in the morning ...”). For the audience to perceive you as a leader, you need to immediately take the bull by the horns: choose a strong beginning.
4. Main idea
Before you even sit down to write your speech, you must define its main point. This key point that you want to convey to the audience should be succinct, capacious, "fit in a matchbox."
Stop, look and make a plan: first of all, highlight the key thoughts, and then you can add and explain them with examples from life or quotes.
As Churchill said, good speech is like a symphony: it can be performed at three different tempos, but it must retain the basic melody.
5. Quotes
There are several rules to follow to give strength to your citation. First, the quote should be close to you. Never quote an author who is unfamiliar to you, uninteresting, or unpleasant for you to quote. Secondly, the name of the author must be known to the audience, and the quote itself must be short.
You must also learn to create a citation environment. Many successful speakers use similar techniques: before quoting, they pause and put on glasses, or read a quote from a card or, for example, a newspaper sheet, with a serious air.
If you want to make a special impression with a quote, write it on a small card, take it out of your wallet during the presentation, and read it out.
6. Wit
Surely you have been advised many times to dilute your speech with a joke or anecdote. There is some truth in this advice, but do not forget that a joke for the sake of a joke only offends the listener.
There is no need to start your speech with an anecdote that has nothing to do with the situation (“It seems that it is customary to start a speech with an anecdote, and so. Somehow a man comes to a psychiatrist ...”). Better to quietly jump into your funny story in the middle of your speech to defuse the situation.
7. Reading
Sight-reading speech with downcast eyes, to put it mildly, does not delight the audience. How then to proceed? Is it really necessary to memorize a half hour long speech? Not at all. You need to learn to read correctly.
The first rule of reading a speech is: never speak a word while your eyes are looking at the paper.
Use the SOS technique: look - stop - say.
For training, take any text. Lower your eyes and mentally take a picture of a few words. Then raise your head and stop. Then, looking at any object on the other side of the room, tell what you remember. And so on: look at the text, stop, speak.
8. Techniques of the speaker
It is known that Churchill recorded his speeches like poetry, dividing them into separate phrases and writing each one on a separate line. To make your speech sound even more convincing, use this technique.
Use rhymes and internal consonance in the phrase to give the sound of your speech a poetic force of influence (for example, Churchill's phrase "We must follow the principles of humanism, not bureaucracy").
It is very simple to come up with rhymes, it is enough to remember the most common of them: -na (war, silence, needed), -ta (darkness, emptiness, dream), -ch (sword, speech, flow, meetings), -oses / wasps (roses , threats, tears, questions), -anie, -yes, -on, -tsia, -izm and so on. Practice with these simpler rhymes while making up sonorous phrases.
But remember: the rhymed phrase should be the same for the entire speech, you don't need to turn your speech into a poem.
And so that the rhyme does not go to waste, express in this phrase the key idea of \u200b\u200bthe speech.
9. Questions and pauses
Many speakers use questions to connect with the public. Remember one rule: never ask a question if you don't know the answer to it. Only by predicting the reaction of the public can you prepare and get the most out of the question.
10. Final
Even if your speech was inexpressive, a good ending can fix everything. To make an impression in the finale, tune in, call on your emotions: pride, hope, love and others. Try to convey these feelings to the audience as the great speakers of the past did.
Do not end your speech on a minor note at all, this is simply destroying your career. Use uplifting quotes, poems, or jokes.
Question-answer reception. The speaker asks questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.
The transition from monologue to dialogue (polemics) allows individual participants to be involved in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.
Reception of creating a problem situation. The listeners are offered a situation that raises the question: "Why?", Which stimulates their cognitive activity.
Reception of the novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience guess, reflect.
Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.
Show the practical value of information.
Using humor allows you to quickly win over your audience.
A short digression from the topic gives the audience an opportunity to "rest".
Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice is able to draw attention to critical places of speech (reception "quiet voice").
Reception of gradation - an increase in the semantic and emotional significance of the word. Gradation allows you to strengthen, give them emotional expressiveness to the phrase, the formulated thought.
Reception of inversion - a speech turn, which, as it were, unfolds the usual, generally accepted course of thoughts and expressions to the diametrically opposite.
Receiving an appeal to your own thoughts.
Among the techniques of oratory, which significantly increase its effectiveness and persuasiveness, lexical techniques should be highlighted. Practically in all the guides on oratory among lexical techniques, it is recommended to use the so-called tropes.
Paths are speech turns and individual words used in a figurative sense, which allow you to achieve the necessary emotional expressiveness and imagery. Tropes include comparisons, metaphors, epithets, hyperboles ...
Comparison is one of the most frequently used techniques, which has great persuasive power, stimulates associative and imaginative thinking in listeners and thereby allows the speaker to achieve the desired effect.
Metaphor is the transfer of the name of one object to another, it is the verbal convergence of 2 phenomena by similarity or contrast. For instance:
"The locomotive of history cannot be stopped ..."
An epithet is a figurative definition of an object, a phenomenon that reveals its essence. For example: "A student is not a vessel to be filled with knowledge, but a torch to be lit! .."
Allegory - allegorically depicts something. For example: “One day a passer-by asked the builder:“ What are you doing? ”He thought and answered:“ Don't you see? I drive stones. ”The second builder answered the same question:
"Making money!"
Hyperbole is a kind of trail, consisting in deliberate exaggeration of the properties, qualities of objects and phenomena. For example: "A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper".
Oratorical speech should arouse the interest of the audience, the desire to know the topic of the speech. However, listeners' attention dulls over time. Speaking techniques and tools help maintain the audience's attention.
Let's consider some of them in more detail.
1. Visibility: for better speech perception, it is better to visualize everything abstract with the help of:
Apt comparisons and examples,
Images,
Short stories.
Examples from fiction, proverbs, sayings, phraseological
expressions, elements of humor.
2. In oratory, repetition is of particular importance. With its help, the main idea is better fixed, the convincingness of speech increases. There are the following types of repetition:
Verbatim repetition;
Variable repetition (repetition of the content, but in a new verbal design);
Partial repetition (repetition of the first word or part of the sentence, the keyword of the sentence);
3. Clarificationis a special form of repetition, namely extended repetition. In the event that the expression chosen initially seems too weak, under certain circumstances they return to it, improve it and explain it.
4. Call (exclamation) are often used in speeches with an opinion. Exclamations are used sporadically, because otherwise their effect is dulled. Exclamations should be persuasive and non-intrusive.
5. Chain - a frequently used means of influence. In it, the full meaning of one link of thought becomes clear only in connection with others, up to the last link.
6. Apparent contradiction (paradox) - a special kind of word play. The paradox is a deliberately stressed formulation.
7. Insert is a remark made in passing. Its function is to introduce the listener to the moment of the statement. Often times, an insert is an attention-grabbing message.
8. Warning (objection) consists in the fact that the speaker thinks over what objections can be put forward from the opposite point of view, and immediately includes them in his speech, and after them leads a refutation.
9. Imaginary questions (rhetorical). No answer is given to them. Sham questions have one purpose - to stimulate the listener's thought.
10. The methods of attracting the attention of the audience include direct demand for attentionfrom listeners, addressing listeners with unexpected question.
11. Question-answer reception... The speaker thinks out loud about the task at hand. He poses questions to the audience and answers them himself, raises possible objections and rejects them himself. This is a very effective technique: it sharpens the attention of the audience, makes them understand the essence of the topic under consideration.
All of the above public speaking techniques and means are usually do not apply simultaneously, since in this case their action becomes less effective. The main task of oratorical techniques and means is to make speech visual, internally tense and convincing.
Ancient Greece is the birthplace of oratory. The ancient Greeks called rhetoric the queen of the arts. The influence of rhetoric on the decision of state affairs, on the formation of public opinion was decisive. Professional rhetoricians mastered not only the art of persuasion, but also knew how to give the listeners pleasure with a bold and original thought with their speech, urged them to goodness, justice, and fulfillment of civic and patriotic duty.
Nowadays, mastering the techniques of public speaking, techniques of eloquence is very important for a manager of any level, and first of all for the top management of the company.
Oratory is based on the principles of rhetoric: the selection of arguments, their distribution in the course of logical evidence, the style and structure of speech construction. The art of eloquence is based on objective and systematized information, one of the important criteria of eloquence is the information aspect of speech. The emotional content of public speaking is also essential.
The main techniques of oratory are as follows:
the speaker's speech should be informative, meaningful, objective, truthful and useful for the audience,
the speaker's speech must be clear and precise,
the duration of the speaker's speech should be optimal, with a long speech (more than 30 minutes) it is very difficult to keep the attention of the audience, no matter how interesting it is,
the emotionality of speech should excite the souls of listeners and inspire them with the desired mood,
the speaker must know the audience well, carefully prepare his speech and think over his behavior on the podium,
special importance in the preparation of the speech should be given to the beginning of the "effect of the first phrases" and its completion,
preparation of the speech should include the selection of clear, convincing answers to expected provocative questions,
performances should also contain neat and appropriate humor as it defuses and enlivens the situation, returns the attention of the audience to the words of the speaker,
the speech must be conducted not from the podium, but as close to the audience as possible - "eye to eye",
the speaker's speech should be cultural - it is necessary to exclude illiteracy, tongue-tied language, profanity, and also to minimize the westernization of the Russian language and the use of fashionable slang "as it were", "actually", etc.
Another important aspect of oratory is the sound of the speaker's speech. A good-sounding voice tones the speaker's nervous system, gives him confidence, creates a mood, and a bad-sounding one vice versa. The audience is always much more critical of the sound of the speaker's voice than of his appearance.
To master the voice means to achieve intonational mobility and expressiveness of speech, to be able to use the nuances of timbre. To do this, you need to understand the mechanics of your voice formation and use it in the performance process.
Loading ...